Islamic Banking Deposits and Profitability Relationship

Islamic Banking Deposits and Profitability Relationship The reason for this exploration study is to investigate the effect of Islamic Banking Deposits (Investment, Savings and Current records) on the benefit measure ROE of the Islamic financial industry in Paksitan. For this reason, time arrangement information of eleven quarters covering the period 2007 to 2009 is taken for the necessary factors from State Bank of Pakistans quarterly releases of the Islamic financial notice. The outcomes indicated that all the store factors had a huge positive connection with the benefit of Islamic banks. The point is to add to the writing on store gainfulness relationship of Islamic banks. Islamic banking is a financial action dependent on Islamic standards, which don't permit the paying and accepting of premium (riba) and advances benefit partaking in the lead of banking business. (Ghazali, 2008). As indicated by the most recent quarterly release of State Bank of Pakistans Islamic Banking Bulletin?, the all out Shariah-consistent resources worldwide have developed to about US$ 700 billion â€Å" with yearly development surpassing 10.0 percent during the previous decade and are anticipated to develop to US$ 1.6 trillion by 2012. State Bank of Pakistans key arrangement for Islamic financial industry propelled in 2008, means to expand the size of the Islamic financial industry to 12.0 percent (of all out financial resources) by 2012. Islamic budgetary establishments don't just assume an essential job in asset preparation, asset designation and business but at the same time are effectively engaged with the course of actualizing government money related arrangement. Aside from offering about all customary financial offices, Islamic banks additionally help household and global exchanges. Seeing the capability of the Islamic market, western traditional based monetary organizations, for example, Citibank, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, ABN Amro and American Express have acquainted premium free items with clients. So also, worldwide organizations, for example, General Motors, IBM and Dewoo Corporation have just started to utilize intrigue free services.(Haron and Azmi, 2003). Studies that evaluate the impact of different elements that decide Islamic banks benefit are still at beginning stage. Hardly any endeavors have up till now been made to exactly dissect the Islamic banks execution. In the Islamic financial writing, crafted by Haron (1996a) was the main endeavor to look at factors that contributed towards Islamic banks productivity. A large portion of the examination utilized numerous relapse investigation method in estimating the relationship among the deciding elements and benefit proportions. Expanding the past work in Islamic banks execution, this paper analyzes the quality of connection between store factors and benefit of Islamic banks utilizing univariate relapse strategy. By contemplating the relationship between Islamic banksÃ¥ ¸ execution and the store factors, this paper adds to the on-going conversation on the stores and gainfulness relationship of Islamic banks. The paper is separated into seven segments. The writing survey on determinants of Islamic bank execution is featured in Section 2. Segment 3 inspects the approach utilized in breaking down the connection between the stores factors utilized in this investigation and the exhibition of Islamic banks. Segment 4 presents the conversation and suggestion. The references are recorded in area 5. The tables are recorded in segment 6 and figures in area 7. Writing Review The entire establishment of Islamic Finance is that the different sides of the condition (for example the reserve suppliers and the store clients) work in understanding as accomplices, without contributors being guaranteed of any arrival from the individuals who utilize their cash. By and by, Islamic banks draw roughly seventy five percent of the capital from their investors, and don't ensure any exact degree of come back to these reserve suppliers. (Shubber and Alzafri,2008). Ghafoor (1995) states that every Islamic bank have three sorts of store accounts: current, reserve funds and speculation. Current or request store accounts are nearly equivalent to in every single customary bank. Store is guaranteed. Investment funds store accounts work in various manners. In certain banks, the contributors grant the banks to utilize their cash yet they achieve an assurance of being taken care of the total sum from the bank. Banks receive various techniques for inciting their clients to store with them, however benefit isn't guaranteed. In others, bank accounts are treated as venture accounts however with less severe conditions as to withdrawals and least parity. Capital isn't guaranteed however the banks take care to put capital from such records in reasonably hazard free transient ventures. Thusly, lower benefit rates are normal and that excessively just on an area of the normal least equalization on the ground that a significant level of hold finances should be ke pt consistently to fulfill up withdrawal needs. Contrastingly, Investment stores are acknowledged for a foreordained or uncertain timeframe and the financial specialists agree ahead of time to share the benefit (or misfortune) in a concurred extent with the bank. Capital isn't guaranteed. (Ghafoor, 1995). Some IFIs (Islamic Financial Institutions) characterize stores regarding wadiah or amanah. Current records of IFIs are viewed as qard hasan or qard (on the other hand, as wadiah/amanah). (Farooq, 2008). Qard al-Hasana is characterized as stores whose full reimbursement on request is ensured by bank. (Ahmad, 1994). The stores in the present record are viewed as though they are credits from the clients to the bank and accordingly, bear no respect the record holders.? (Al-Jarhi and Iqbal. 2001). Store accounts are neither an obligation nor value capital. They are a cross breed? wellspring of capital, and must be recognized in that capacity. Investors are accomplices with the bank, yet appreciate no proprietorship rights. (Shubber and Alzafri,2008). Sudin Haron (1996) makes reference to that the law permits the banks to acknowledge two sorts of stores, i.e., qard al-hasanah stores and term venture stores. The qard al-hasanah stores incorporates current just as investment accounts which shift in their operational principles. (Ahmad, 1994). On the off chance that it is permitted that the borrower can pay additional cash willfully, at that point regarding stores as qard-hasan permits the banks as the borrowers to pay additional cash to the investors (loan specialists). Not at all like investment account administrations at traditional banks, where investors are naturally endless supply of their assets, comes back to bank account holders are dependent on the Shariah (Islamic laws) standards which are drilled by Islamic banks when offering this administration. When wadiah (trusteeship) or qard hassan (generous credit) are utilized, the profits are completely at the watchfulness of the banks. (Sudin Haron, 1996). Nienhaus, (2004) contends that if the clients of Islamic banks want an arrival on their assets, they should pay into venture accounts (additionally called cooperation records or PLS, benefit and misfortune sharing records). While, credit adjusts on these records are not viewed as stores in the traditional sense. The profits on Islamic banks venture accounts are not fixed ahead of time; the clients take an interest by a specific extent in the money related result of the use of their speculation assets by the bank. These outcomes could likewise bring about a misfortune. In the event of misfortune, the customers should bear a part of the misfortune which would lessen the ostensible estimation of the credit adjusts of their separate speculation accounts. In such a circumstance, the customers can't guarantee a full repayment of the cash paid in. The full repayment, be that as it may, is constituent for a store in the severe sense. (Nienhaus, 2004). Rosly and Zaini, (2008) state that people in general all in all put their cash in banks for either satisfying value-based requirements or for venture needs. To get the job done the value-based goal, Islamic banks offer administrations, for example, wadiah yad dhamanah store, which encourages care of their store cash with ensure administrations. In this item, contributors no longer store assets to get a fixed salary. Rather, they place their stores for protection.'Wadiah yad dhamanah implies supervision with ensure. Wadiah yad dhamanah contributors grant the Islamic bank to put their cash as an end-result of store wellbeing that they got for nothing. Since the guardian administration is given without a charge, the Islamic bank holds no legitimate impulse to pay investors a foreordained return and may do so just on deliberate premise. Along these lines, the bank holds decision on benefit dissemination approach as blessing (hibah). The equivalent isn't right for Islamic fixed stores, of tentimes known as mudarabah venture stores. In this association creation, no assurance is given to capital insurance and fixed pay, as it runs under value standard. It is a tricky item as the fundamental agreement depends on profitâ€Å"loss sharing framework. Benefits are shared uniquely if there should be an occurrence of performing speculations, while capital may devalue or even psychologist if the venture finishes in misfortunes. (Rosly and Zaini, 2008). Haron and Azmi, (2004) talk about that like customary banks, Islamic banks likewise depend on investors cash as a key wellspring of store. Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad for instance, had all out stores adding up to 94 percent of all out liabilities and investors value toward the finish of December 2003. While on account of Jordan Islamic Bank, Islamic Bank of Bangladesh, Bank Muamalat of Indonesia, and Bank Shariah Mandiri of Indonesia, the comparing sums were 94%, 86%, 76%, and 79%, separately. These figures uncover the huge high aggregate of the contributors cash as a gracefully of money for Islamic banks. Thus, it gets imperative for the administration of Islamic banks to recognize the components that are well on the way to persuade clients dynamic in saving their capital with Islamic banks.

Marketing Communications Brands - Experiences and Participation

Question: Talk about the Marketing Communications for Brands, Experiences and Participation? Answer: Examination Dan Colby makes a fascinating correlation between various hypotheses in material science to the demonstration of promoting. These examinations were associated through the likenesses of the activities in both the speculations of material science and the way toward advertising. Newtons law Dan utilized this law to characterize that the size of a brand decides the measure of power required to change its situating in the market. The greater the brand, the more the clients and adherents. The situating of an enormous brand is more established in countless adherents and it really requires a great deal of exertion to change that picture of the brand (Scott, 2015). Heisenbergs vulnerability guideline This guideline in the realm of material science characterizes that the estimation of an article can never be exact and will change its state. Dan contrasted this with the showcasing movement of watching the clients conduct not having the option to gauge them precisely. Dan precisely expressed that the demonstration of close perceptions will, actually, change the typical conduct of the clients present in the market (Hollensen, 2015). The logical strategy Dan used this standard to characterize the impacts of a little negative comment on the solid and established great picture of the brand. This, indeed, bodes well as indicated by the past examples of brands losing their long-present validity and picture because of little negative comments and occurrences. Second law of thermodynamics The correlation of the expanding entropy of the frameworks, obviously expresses the way that the picture of a brand is appropriated or scattered at a high rate in the present social orders. This, thus, requires the administration of the associations to have compelling techniques to handle this quick scattering of the brand picture (Fill, 2016). References Fill, C., Turnbull, S. L. (2016). Promoting Communications: Brands, Experiences And Participation. Hollensen, S. (2015). Promoting the executives: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Scott, D. M. (2015). The new guidelines of advertising and PR: How to utilize internet based life, online video, portable applications, web journals, news discharges, and viral showcasing to arrive at purchasers legitimately. John Wiley Sons.

How can Student Score Good in Python Programming Assignment

How can Student Score Good in Python Programming Assignment Every Python Programming Assignment you receive in your Academic Life means how much you know about their Python concepts. Whether it is a test or an Assignment Writing a Code can be tricky. If you want to learn Python Programming, it requires continuous Learning and Practice. Trouble With Python Programming Assignment Summary Trouble With Python Programming Assignment1. Start Early 2. Take Your Python assignment Seriously3. Seek Guidance and Clear Concept4. Understand the Logic or Algorithm before starting5. Debug your Program to Learn More There are some resources to learn Python Programming such as StackOverflow. It can still be tough to Complete Python Assignment on Time or to understand all about Code. Here are some tips how can Students score good in Python Programming Assignment. If you are in the First stage of Learning Python or Python Beginners, then You must follow these tips. 1. Start Early Start Your Python Assignment As soon as Possible as then you will be able to finish your Assignment on time. Python Programming Language Requires good Program Solving skills than you can learn through Practices. Before starting your Python Programming Assignment, you must Learn about the Python Programming Syntax. And make some little notes on Python Common codes. 2. Take Your Python assignment Seriously Assignments are the best way to prepare well for the exam. So if you are preparing your assignment by itself, it is well and good to learn and understand. IF you are not preparing your python assignment by itself and waiting for help. you can take help of Python Programming Help Providers, then you must read your assignment before submission to University. 3. Seek Guidance and Clear Concept if you are getting a problem with your Python Code and you want some additional help regarding your python Assignment. If you are now typing in google for can, anyone help me in my Python Assignment. Then Hire Call Tutors for Python Homework Help which is best Assignment help Service Provider. 4. Understand the Logic or Algorithm before starting Writing a Code on Paper by understanding code is the best method to learn Code. It is little time consuming so must understand logic/ algorithm before starting your python programming Assignment. Write Step by step logic to understand the Assignment solution. 5. Debug your Program to Learn More If you know how to compile and Debug your Python Program, then write your Code, Debug and correct error together. Debug your Program is a really good technique to clear your Python Code Concept about Syntax and semantics of Python. Once you start your python assignment and Correcting the error side by side, you eventually develop a problem-solving Skill. Quick Links How To Improve Your Grade13 Tips To Write An AssignmentHow To Do Homework FastHow To Make Resume For A JobHow To Write An Assignment Introduction Excellence in Python Programming requires hard work and time. Once you start to understand the concept of python Programming. you will be able to write your python Assignment by itself. But sometimes due to deadline issue, you need Python Programming Assignment help Provider. Then you can check there are many Python Assignment help Provider available in Market. It is very difficult to trust any. So after getting your Python Project From any service provider, you must read all the code by itself. Understand the concept then it will be easy to score well in Assignment and Exam also. You can submit your assignment to us anytime. Here in this Blog Post You Read About how can student score good in Python Programming Assignment? in Case you have any question or query you can write us in comment Section

Ethical Behavior - 790 Words

Introduction To Management Sharon Toney SUNY Empire State College Ethical Behavior In this chapter we look at the ethical behavior when it comes to business management. Ethics is defined as the code of moral principles that sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong, in one’s conduct. You learn how ethical dilemmas complicate the workplace and how high ethical standards can be maintained. Social responsibilities and governance plays a part in ethical behavior as well. Ethical behavior is that which is accepted as â€Å"good† or â€Å"right† as opposed to â€Å"bad† or â€Å"wrong†. For the reason an action is not illegal does not necessarily make it ethical in a given situation. Values vary, so that brings up†¦show more content†¦Social responsibilities is an obligation of the organization to act in ways that serve both its own interest and the interest of its many stockholders. An organization’s social performance can be evaluated on how well it meets economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilit ies. Corporate strategies in response to demands for socially responsible behavior include obstruction, defense, accommodation, and pro action, with more progressive organizations taking proactive stances. Corporate governance is the responsibility of a Board of Directors to oversee the performance by top management of a firm. Managers should exercise ethical self-governance by making sure that performance is achieved with commitments to high ethical standards and by socially. When governance is weak and the corporate scandals occur, you will sometimes see government stepping in to try and correct things for the future. Laws are passed and regulating agencies are put in place in an attempt to better control and direct business behavior. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is an example. It was passed by Congress in 2002 in response to public outcries over major ethics and business scandals; its goal is to ensure that top managers properly oversee the financial conduct of their organizations. The refore, ethical behavior plays an important role in the workplace as these principles determine the manner in which tasks are conducted by individuals, the moralShow MoreRelatedEthical Leadership : Unethical Behavior1568 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Leadership With all the recent unethical behavior in high profile cases. Someone may ask is there such a thing as ethical leadership? Leadership behaviors have a direct impact on the effectiveness and trust of the leader, the followers, and the organization. In the recent past there have been organizations rocked by scandal and impropriety stemming from how a leader acted or did not act such as: â€Å"the alleged cover-up by Penn State University senior administrators of criminal acts perpetuatedRead MoreFinancial Performance, Reward And Ethical Behaviors Within The World Of Business782 Words   |  4 PagesWe will review the most advantageous methods of investing and explore the Budgetary Performance, Reward and Ethical Behaviors within the world of business. We will explore Linda’s behaviors, ethics, and management style. Firstly, having, someone with Linda’s abilities when coping with and operating many different sides of the accounting and work with many different variables. 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The Death Of Socrates Resides - 1324 Words

The Death of Socrates resides in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is by Jacques Louis David, a French painter from the eighteenth century. This particular piece was done in 1787 about an event that occurred 399 BC. Socrates was faced with a legal decision to renounce his teachings or drink a cup of hemlock, killing himself. Socrates’s teachings were hugely influential in Greece at that time and it sparked recognizable change in Athens particularly. Athenian authority saw his revolutionary thought as a threat and because of his teaching he refused to renounce his teaching. Even without this knowing the dramatic story of the great thinker and his demise, David’s piece is profoundly striking. The movement and placement of each character as well as the balance of shape and color provide a certain attraction to this piece. Additionally, it provides a great example of the intriguing cross between art and The Academy. David intelligently pays tribute to the height and power of ancient philosophy as well as modern art and this marriage makes for a greatly impactful piece of art. At first impression, the movement and layout are the most arresting part of this piece. Socrates, propped up on his deathbed, appears strong and stoic but at the same time somber and delicate. The anatomic accuracy of Socrates as well as the other characters provides a geometric structure. Whereas the light suspension of the different fabrics in the painting provide a soft fluidity and these twoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Apology By Plato786 Words   |  4 Pagessentencing of the philosopher Socrates. It reads as a firsthand account of the testimony from both Socrates and his accusers, more often than not Socrates has a rather strong rebuttal for the accusations however in the end it was still not enough to save him from conviction. 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He would demonstrate this by choosingRead MoreSocrates : The Power Of Knowledge932 Words   |  4 Pages philosopher Socrates touched many lives of the Athenians and lived to question the knowledge and intelligence of those he met. Socrates took joy in examining the world and self proclaims his own ignorance rather than living under the guise of being an expert. Student of Socrates, philosopher Plato grew in popularity around 400 B.C and strived to uncover the meanings behind ideas such as goodness, reality and beauty. While Socrates became infamous around Athens, and was later put to death for his coreRead MoreSocrates s Argument Against The Death Penalty1189 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates was found guilty of the following accusations; corrupting the youth, believing in different gods, or being an atheist, and for â€Å"examining† the heavens above and the earth below. 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What completely is death? He explains it as the separation of the soul and body, but is there actually more to that? For instance, what occurs to your body once you ar e liberated? How can the soul be called pure if it taintedRead MoreThe Soul Stays the Same in Plato1270 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I think, Socrates, he said, that on this line of argument any man, even the dullest, would agree that the soul is altogether more like that which always exists in the same state rather than like that which does not† (Plato, Phaedo 79e) In this paper I will argue that the soul is not necessarily unchanging and eternal, as many of Plato’s arguments would suggest otherwise. The main reasons in support of this claim are that there are questionable conclusions that Plato had reached that challenge the

Determinants of Germany’s Economic Robustness Free Essays

string(106) " policies with the economic performance of Germany H0: There is nothing unique about Germany’s success\." DETERMINANTS OF GERMANY’S ECONOMIC ROBUSTNESS: UNDERSTANDING THE SECRET BEHIND THE GERMAN ECONOMIC SUCCESS – A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY Germany is the largest national economy in Europe, the fourth-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and fifth by GDP (PPP) (2008). Since the age of industrialisation, the country has been a driver, innovator, and beneficiary of an ever more globalised economy. Germany is the world’s third largest exporter with $1. We will write a custom essay sample on Determinants of Germany’s Economic Robustness or any similar topic only for you Order Now 408 trillion exported in 2011 (Eurozone countries are included). Exports account for more than one-third of national output and the Germany’s strong export performance in goods or merchandise is also denoted by the term Exportweltmeister (world champion exporter). However, analysis of German’s economic history demonstrates that the country did not face constant growth throughout the years. It also had to face moments of recession just like other countries and its own past (reunification) appeared to have been a cause of German’s slow growth at times. Following are figures of German’s GDP throughout the last 3 decades which will help us to emphasise our statement. While the decrease in the year 1990s can be associated with the unification and the costs involved, that of 2010-2011, can be associated to the global recession that the world experienced then. Yet, even in the recession marred years, the German economy managed to stay stable as the world sixth largest country in terms of GDP (2009. ) Now, against the background of fragile global recovery and the intensification of the eurozone crisis, Germany has recorded strong GDP growth and a declining trend in unemployment. What’s the secret of such a robust economy? Referring to Germany, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said in December 1989 at a Strasbourg summit â€Å"We defeated the Germans twice! And now they’re back†. Although this statement was related to politics, it appears to be relevant in the economic context as well. As such, our study will consist of analysing more in details the secret behind this particular success or consistency and will also involve comparison of countries which also have more or less the same pattern of Germany but still cannot reach their level of development to underline what are those parameters which make Germany so unique. Current Situation Germany’s economy is holding up better than expected amid the Eurozone’s debt crisis, as robust demand from outside of Europe has helped offset weak activity on the continent. Several other factors contribute to Germany’s solid macroeconomic position. Germany is the only major advanced economy which had lower unemployment rate in 2012 than it had in 2007. The level of German GDP has increased by a cumulative 5. 8% since the beginning of 2010, compared to 2. 3% for the eurozone. The monetary conditions set for the entire eurozone by the ECB are accommodative for Germany given the strong cyclical position of its economy. As a consequence of safe-haven capital inflows, yields are also at extremely low levels. Furthermore, Germany has a strong net external creditor position and a large, albeit gradually declining, current account surplus. The German financial sector has stabilised since 2009 and liquidity is abundant in the current environment. However, meeting Basel III requirements will remain a challenge for German banks in light of modest profitability and still a high leverage. Since mid-2008, German banks have cut their total eurozone exposure by â‚ ¬332bn, a 30% fall, of which â‚ ¬187bn was withdrawn from Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, a fall of 44%. Despite this fast pace of deleveraging, the quality of the remaining assets may well deteriorate further as the recession deepens in the periphery. In its semi-annual economic outlook, the German central bank raised its forecast for domestic GDP growth this year to 1. 0% from 0. 6% in the December outlook due to better-than-expected first quarter growth that was largely the result of strong exports to emerging markets. The upward revision brings economic activity near its potential growth rate of 1. 25. Growth in 2013 is seen at 1. 6%, down 0. point from December’s forecast due to a statistical correction resulting from the revisions for this year. The Eurozone crisis â€Å"may have left its mark, but the good structural condition of Germany’s economy and the robust global economy have maintained the upper hand,† Still, the outlook remains â€Å"highly uncertain,† with risks stemming â€Å"overwhelmingly† from external factors. While weak Eurozone g rowth in the debt crisis has already been factored in to the forecasts, Germany’s export-driven economy would be vulnerable to a â€Å"noticeable weakening† of conditions outside of Europe. Germany remains exposed to the systemic component of the crisis. A significantly deeper recession of its large eurozone trading partners could also push Germany into recession with negative repercussions for the fiscal stance as well. Furthermore, additional sizeable contribution to eurozone bail-out funds, on top of the EFSF guarantees, could push German debt level above 90% of GDP, close to the upper limit Fitch generally considers consistent with a ‘AAA’ rating. Materialisation of these risks would put downward pressure on the rating. Germany has all the ingredients of a declining public debt path. The economy is growing, budget deficit is moderate and nominal interest rates reached record low levels. Nevertheless the longer track record serves as a warning sign. Despite the fiscal rules of the eurozone, the debt/GDP ratio had increased to 83% by 2010 from 55% in 1995. During the 13 years of monetary union, the German debt ratio declined in only five years and has been above the 60% reference value since 2003. PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem that leads us to undertake this research is simple. Observing the amazing performance of Germany in the international market even in the period of recession, one wonder how this can be achieved by them while the others are still struggling. It becomes apparent that there must be some particular reasons behind this success. Research Question/Hypothesis H1: There is something unique that make Germany successful in the international market. H2: There is a relationship between the implementation of new economic policies with the economic performance of Germany H0: There is nothing unique about Germany’s success. You read "Determinants of Germany’s Economic Robustness" in category "Essay examples" They work on the same policies as other countries. OBJECTIVES AND AIMS OVERALL OBJECTIVE By this study, we hope to underline the policies that led Germany to success and from this knowledge, have a better understanding of the strengths and weakness of a business environment. Overall, we aim to have clear knowledge about impact of business environment on performance of business undertakings. In the long term, we can use the technique used in this research to analyse any business environment before setting up of any business firm. Also, we can advice other developing countries about implementing those policies which could benefit them considering their own business environment and also be on their path of development just like Germany. This research can be considered as a tool to determine business opportunities as well. SPECIFIC AIMS Understand the parameters that made the economy very strong in the market How is that amidst the gloom Germany continues to be the engine that drives the Eurozone economies, and also helping to bail out a few? How does the robust, high-tech manufacturing sector continue to be the export champion? What role do the academic system and â€Å"Deutsche Tugenden† play in the success? What is the special Trade School training system that creates highly skilled technical workforce? Take into considerations other macroeconomic indicators particular to Germany Understand how one can take advantage of the strengths and weakness prevailing in its environment * Have valuable and actual knowledge of economic concepts BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE 1. (Raymond J. Ahearn and Paul Belkin; the German Economy and U. S. -German Economic Relations 2010) By most standards, post-war West Germany registered impressive economic performance in the first decades of its existence. But beginning in the mid-1990s, the German economy has been on a much lower growth path, averaging about 1. 5% of GDP per year. Unemployment has also risen steadily. These trends, which have been exacerbated by a steep 5% decline in German GDP growth in 2009, raise questions about the long-term vitality and strength of the German economy. A number of factors help explain Germany’s declining growth rate. One factor has been the high cost associated with integrating the formerly communist East German economy into the Federal Republic since reunification in 1990. A second has been the growing cost of Germany’s generous social security and welfare programs and associated regulations which some believe may undercut incentives for work and entrepreneurship. A third is an economy that is more geared towards exporting than domestic investment and consumption. With declining economic growth and rising expenditures on social protections, Germany faces significant budgetary and resource constraints. A prosperous German state remains critical to both the U. S. and European economies. Difficulties Germany may have in regaining a stronger economic position are important concerns, affecting the U. S. -German partnership’s ability to mutually address and manage a range of bilateral, regional, and global challenges. The report therefore elaborates on these themes in three parts: the first section examines Germany’s economic performance in historical perspective and assesses some of the domestic factors that may be contributing to Germany’s less than optimal performance; the second discusses the reform challenges facing Germany’s political leaders; and the third section evaluates a few salient U. S. -German economic policy differences and strains that seem to be influenced by Germany’s weakened economic situation. 2. Financial System Stability Assessment, report prepared by the Monetary and Capital Markets and European Departments and approved by Jose Vinals and Antonio Borges, June 20, 2011; results in the following main findings: The main findings of the FSAP are: * The German financial system is recovering from the global crisis, yet low profitability hampers many banks’ ability to build stronger buffers against the shocks that could hit the global economy and especially Europe; * Structural reforms are overdue. The Landesbanken require thorough restructuring and probably downsizing, but the imperative to loosen constraints and strengthen banks’ commercial orientation is more general; * The standard of financial sector regulation and supervision is high. The crisis showed that more timely information, additional on-site supervision, and follow up through forward-looking supervisory action are needed; and * The framework to manage financial crises has been enhanced significantly, particularly with the introduction of a new bank resolution regime. Deposit protection schemes need to be rationalized, and Germany should actively help efforts to develop mechanisms to deal with cross-border crises. Very interesting report, but emphasises on the financial sector of the country and its current scenario only. 3. Talking about articles with reference to the German’s secret for economic robustness, there are various available were the authors aim to point out these parameters which made Germany so powerful in today’s market. As such, an article from www. guardian. co. k goes on saying: â€Å"Germany invested heavily in its Bavarian science and technology base, identifying future growth sectors and building clusters of excellence to attract investment†¦ it’s still â€Å"making stuff†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ While the British focused on becoming lawyers and money men, Germany continued to respect engineering and making things (not just money)†. Mr James Dyson, Author of Ingenious Britain, did not agree that this par ameter was the cause behind the German success and responded to this statement by saying â€Å"In your coverage of the German success story, not a word has been printed on the German â€Å"housing market†. It is as if this were detached from the overall economic and cultural formula. Is it not a fact that Germany has a large, affordable rented sector with secure tenancies that deters a quick- housing-buck mentality? Does this housing culture not sustain investment in proper wealth creation (ie manufacturing) and thereby reduce the cycles of property boom and bust? † Well, Mr Olaf Plotner the dean of executive education at the European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) in Berlin and author of Counter Strategies in Global Markets in his post in Forbes magazine also shares his views about the reasons to justify the German’s success. He goes on saying: â€Å"cooperation between unions and employers plays a major role in the success of German industry. But that’s just one part of a much bigger picture†¦ German businesses have been able to avoid the focus on the short-term shareholder that dogs so many large companies elsewhere because of an ownership structure that seems unique to Germany†¦ the companies give importance to uniting ownership and management. † As of now, we have already different views from different people as they all try to explain the German success. Well, these views are not the only one. According to Mr Richard Anderson Business reporter for BBC News, â€Å"Germany is a country whose inhabitants work fewer hours than almost any others, whose workforce is not particularly productive and whose children spend less time at school than most of its neighbours. But still, the German economy is so powerful†¦why? † Mr Anderson structured is study under three main headings. Euro bliss †¦. Germany has benefited greatly from the euro; Germany adopted a much weaker currency than would otherwise have been the case†¦ This has provided a terrific boost to German exports, which are cheaper to overseas consumers as a result†¦. Just as important are the relatively low levels of private debt†¦ German companies and individuals refused to spend beyond their means†¦ Germans are uncomfortable with the concept of borrowing money and prefer to live within their own means. â€Å"In German, borrowing is ‘schulden’, [the same word for guilt. ] There is an attitude that if you have to borrow, there is something wrong with you,† Labour reforms †¦the Social Democratic government was able to use its close ties with labour unions to push for moderation in wage inflation. The reforms laid the foundation for a stable and flexible labour market. While unemployment across Europe and the US soared during the global downturn, remarkably the jobless number in Germany barely flickered. German workers were simply willing to work fewer hours, knowing that they would keep their jobs because of it. Job skills And in Germany, there is fewer stigmas attached to vocational training and technical colleges than in many countries. Research Gap The read reports do not seem to treat with the actual factors behind the success, hence we believe into scope for our research. Since in these articles, the German economic history I study but then related to other topics just like in the case of US-German relationship or the study of the German financial markets. True that these reports will help us in our study and can be used as a basis, they surely permit us to look at the German’s economy from a different point of view. Most of reports seem to elaborate a lot on the negative features of the economy, not that we intend to ignore the negative features but what we are trying to do here is to explain how despite these features, Germany is able to hold such a position in the global market. Specifically we want to pinpoint the special policies which allow this achievement and propose economic models to other developing countries in order to permit them to also achieve such a miracle. Thus, reading the articles, we can see there are already numerous parameters that each of authors believed to be the one behind the success of Germany. Our study will therefore constitute in analysing these factors and comparing the performance of Germany with that of other countries which also have this factor. We will also try to analyse the impact that the implementation the each factor had on the economy of the country. To emphasize on the relevance of this research, we can another article by in the New York Times which states: â€Å"Germany had the formula right all along. † Hence, our study will be directed towards analysing all the various aspects that made the formula right and try to make it right in our business environment as well! RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Overview The research is a diagnosis research. In fact, a diagnosis research is one which is directed towards discovering what is happening, why it is happening and what can and is to be done about it. It aims at identifying the causes and helping to arrive at possible solutions. Diagnostic research probes into the reasons `why? and goes beyond the problems. Our research is directed towards giving us in-depth knowledge about the reasons which made Germany successful today and we are interested in knowing which of these can be used by other nations as well. Our study will be divided into the following chapters: Chapter 1: here we will deal with the introduction to the study and the aim and purpose of the same. The subject background will also be studied in this step. We intend to trace the economic history of Germany in this section from World War II till today; macro and micro economic variables will be explained and we can propose an elaboration on the economy theory that is followed by the country. Chapter 2: will be dealing with review of books, articles, research papers and journals published with respect to the topic and identification of the research gap. Chapter 3: will elaborate on the research design. Here the parameters that we aim to use in our research will also be defined. As such, the parameters that we wish to study are as follows: 1. GDP, 2. Debt to GDP ratio, 3. Unemployment, 4. Household debt, 5. Inflation, 6. Commodity price swings 7. Foreign trade – imports/exports, net surplus, 8. Social spending, 9. Education, 10. Healthcare, 11. Pension funds, 12. Manufacturing vs. agrosectors, 13. Private Public undertakings, 14. Patents 15. Innovation, 16. Mittelstand 17. Housing prices, 18. Real estate, 19. New firms reg. 20. Firms winding up, 21. New investments, 22. Banking, 23. M As abroad, 24. Fuel prices Chapter 4: the data collected will be analysed and interpreted I this chapter Chapter 5: appropriate findings can be drawn from the data processed and conlusion will follow Population and Study Sample Our study will require interaction with economic experts and other industry-related experts who will give us insight and information about the various policies that are prevailing in Germany and their impact on the economy. Sample Size and Selection of Sample Here, we can select purposive sample and we will require snowballing as a technique as well since our study is very particular and one expert might put us into contact with another of his colleagues. Sources of Data The main sources of data will be secondary but experts’ insights in terms of interviews will constitute our primary data also. Collection of Data The secondary data will collected by visiting websites, reading books, analysing research papers, articles and other thesis. The primary data is collected by mean of interview. Data Analysis Strategies They will be use of regression analyse the percentage change that the implementation that each parameters did on the economy They will also be use of correlation to analyse the data from other countries which implemented each particular parameter. First, we will have to analyse each of these parameters in the German environment and then compare the German performance with other countries’ which have the same potentiality. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY STRENGTHS * There is important number of secondary data available for the research making the researcher job simpler. The study of this topic will lead to actual application of various economic concept hence, better understanding of economics as a subject. * Study of business environment being the first step for any project development, this project has important scope for the researcher. WEAKNESSES * The study being somehow dependent on secondary data, there is chances that these might not be relevant leading to false co nclusions. * There might be a possibility that these policies which made Germany so successful cannot be transferred to any other country. In which case, our How to cite Determinants of Germany’s Economic Robustness, Essay examples

Printing Press Essays - Textual Scholarship, Documents,

Printing Press I believe that everyone has heard the phrase, "The pen is mightier than the sword." This statement I cannot argue, but the point I want to make is that the printing press is the mightiest of them all. The origin of printing itself was only the first stage in the development of books as we know them. To understand the modern book, one should know of its history and realize the gradual process it came from since the pre-written manuscript. THERE WERE FOUR DISTINCT PHASES IN THIS METAMORPHOSIS (Butler xi). 1. In the beginning, this was just a means for performing a writer's work more quickly, neatly, and cheaply than was possible by hand labor (Butler xi). 2. Only gradually did the early printers and their clients understand to accept the technical limitations of typography and to exploit its peculiarities (Butler xii). 3. The discovery of true publication (Butler xiii). 4. The printed book entered into the fourth phase of its metamorphosis - it became a major factor in history (Butler xiii). The origin of the mechanical process was the first step in books as we know them today (Butler xi). The earliest scribe, like the public, had learned to read in pen-written volumes and was unaware of anything else (Butler xi). The printer's problem was to invent a method for producing mass quantities of a standardized product (Butler xi). The printer was not free to produce a new product which might serve the same purpose as the old one (Butler xi). His goal was simply to copy the manuscript but to do this mechanically (Butler xii). The printer's task was far more difficult than we imagine (Butler xii). Many parts of the manuscript, which were time-saving and labor-saving tools for the scribe, were only additional hindrances for the printer (Butler xii). As printers and their customers learned to accept the technical limitations, the book they produced took on new forms and developed new cultural potentials (Butler xii). Calligraphic ornaments were replaced by those of typographic style, and all sorts of new facilities were provided for the reader - title pages, illustrations, maps, tables, indexes, etc. (Butler xii). The discovery of true publication was different than the manuscript economy. Under the manuscript economy, a writer responded to current demands. He copied books to order, or, if he built up a stock in anticipation of sales, it was of the volumes most frequently asked for - school and university textbooks and standard works in theology, law, or medicine, constantly used by professional students and practitioners (Butler xiii). The printer, however, soon went beyond this and realized the potential of publication (Butler xiii). To expand his business, he undertook to create new demands (Butler xiii). The printer searched through old libraries for whatever books he thought the people might buy, if they were made available (Butler xiii). He also provided new works brought to him by living authors, and, finally, he came to order on his own, undertaking journalistic accounts of recent happenings (Butler xiii). In response to his initiative, the world learned to read books and not merely to study them (Butler xiii). The publishers made people read for its own sake (Butler xiii). This became the habit of educated men - a practice forgotten since the collapse of Roman civilization (Butler xiii). Books became a major factor in History. Publishers made known that the book could not only inform and entertain the masses but also affect their thoughts and actions (Butler xiv). It was used to spread new beliefs, to sway men's opinions, to win their support, and to arouse their passions (Butler xiv). During the first century of printing, the press became a potent weapon of public appeal and propaganda (Butler xiv). Modern man makes constant use of printed materials (Butler 1). People accept their presence in their lives as a matter of course -almost like the air we breathe and the ground we walk on (Butler 1). Unless our attention is drawn to it, we never notice the extent of our obligations to the printer (Butler 1). Yet, there is hardly a thing that we do or a source of delight that we enjoy that does not involve