tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-285196808837411672024-02-19T23:06:49.921-08:00College essay headerHow To Make A Topic Outline For Research Paperalexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.comBlogger76125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-45974567268817358672020-08-24T10:25:00.001-07:002020-08-24T10:25:04.818-07:00Islamic Banking Deposits and Profitability RelationshipIslamic Banking Deposits and Profitability Relationship The reason for this exploration study is to investigate the effect of Islamic Banking Deposits (Investment, Savings and Current records) on the benefit measure ROE of the Islamic financial industry in Paksitan. For this reason, time arrangement information of eleven quarters covering the period 2007 to 2009 is taken for the necessary factors from State Bank of Pakistans quarterly releases of the Islamic financial notice. The outcomes indicated that all the store factors had a huge positive connection with the benefit of Islamic banks. The point is to add to the writing on store gainfulness relationship of Islamic banks. Islamic banking is a financial action dependent on Islamic standards, which don't permit the paying and accepting of premium (riba) and advances benefit partaking in the lead of banking business. (Ghazali, 2008). As indicated by the most recent quarterly release of State Bank of Pakistans Islamic Banking Bulletin?, the all out Shariah-consistent resources worldwide have developed to about US$ 700 billion ââ¬Å" with yearly development surpassing 10.0 percent during the previous decade and are anticipated to develop to US$ 1.6 trillion by 2012. State Bank of Pakistans key arrangement for Islamic financial industry propelled in 2008, means to expand the size of the Islamic financial industry to 12.0 percent (of all out financial resources) by 2012. Islamic budgetary establishments don't just assume an essential job in asset preparation, asset designation and business but at the same time are effectively engaged with the course of actualizing government money related arrangement. Aside from offering about all customary financial offices, Islamic banks additionally help household and global exchanges. Seeing the capability of the Islamic market, western traditional based monetary organizations, for example, Citibank, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, ABN Amro and American Express have acquainted premium free items with clients. So also, worldwide organizations, for example, General Motors, IBM and Dewoo Corporation have just started to utilize intrigue free services.(Haron and Azmi, 2003). Studies that evaluate the impact of different elements that decide Islamic banks benefit are still at beginning stage. Hardly any endeavors have up till now been made to exactly dissect the Islamic banks execution. In the Islamic financial writing, crafted by Haron (1996a) was the main endeavor to look at factors that contributed towards Islamic banks productivity. A large portion of the examination utilized numerous relapse investigation method in estimating the relationship among the deciding elements and benefit proportions. Expanding the past work in Islamic banks execution, this paper analyzes the quality of connection between store factors and benefit of Islamic banks utilizing univariate relapse strategy. By contemplating the relationship between Islamic banksÃ¥ ¸ execution and the store factors, this paper adds to the on-going conversation on the stores and gainfulness relationship of Islamic banks. The paper is separated into seven segments. The writing survey on determinants of Islamic bank execution is featured in Section 2. Segment 3 inspects the approach utilized in breaking down the connection between the stores factors utilized in this investigation and the exhibition of Islamic banks. Segment 4 presents the conversation and suggestion. The references are recorded in area 5. The tables are recorded in segment 6 and figures in area 7. Writing Review The entire establishment of Islamic Finance is that the different sides of the condition (for example the reserve suppliers and the store clients) work in understanding as accomplices, without contributors being guaranteed of any arrival from the individuals who utilize their cash. By and by, Islamic banks draw roughly seventy five percent of the capital from their investors, and don't ensure any exact degree of come back to these reserve suppliers. (Shubber and Alzafri,2008). Ghafoor (1995) states that every Islamic bank have three sorts of store accounts: current, reserve funds and speculation. Current or request store accounts are nearly equivalent to in every single customary bank. Store is guaranteed. Investment funds store accounts work in various manners. In certain banks, the contributors grant the banks to utilize their cash yet they achieve an assurance of being taken care of the total sum from the bank. Banks receive various techniques for inciting their clients to store with them, however benefit isn't guaranteed. In others, bank accounts are treated as venture accounts however with less severe conditions as to withdrawals and least parity. Capital isn't guaranteed however the banks take care to put capital from such records in reasonably hazard free transient ventures. Thusly, lower benefit rates are normal and that excessively just on an area of the normal least equalization on the ground that a significant level of hold finances should be ke pt consistently to fulfill up withdrawal needs. Contrastingly, Investment stores are acknowledged for a foreordained or uncertain timeframe and the financial specialists agree ahead of time to share the benefit (or misfortune) in a concurred extent with the bank. Capital isn't guaranteed. (Ghafoor, 1995). Some IFIs (Islamic Financial Institutions) characterize stores regarding wadiah or amanah. Current records of IFIs are viewed as qard hasan or qard (on the other hand, as wadiah/amanah). (Farooq, 2008). Qard al-Hasana is characterized as stores whose full reimbursement on request is ensured by bank. (Ahmad, 1994). The stores in the present record are viewed as though they are credits from the clients to the bank and accordingly, bear no respect the record holders.? (Al-Jarhi and Iqbal. 2001). Store accounts are neither an obligation nor value capital. They are a cross breed? wellspring of capital, and must be recognized in that capacity. Investors are accomplices with the bank, yet appreciate no proprietorship rights. (Shubber and Alzafri,2008). Sudin Haron (1996) makes reference to that the law permits the banks to acknowledge two sorts of stores, i.e., qard al-hasanah stores and term venture stores. The qard al-hasanah stores incorporates current just as investment accounts which shift in their operational principles. (Ahmad, 1994). On the off chance that it is permitted that the borrower can pay additional cash willfully, at that point regarding stores as qard-hasan permits the banks as the borrowers to pay additional cash to the investors (loan specialists). Not at all like investment account administrations at traditional banks, where investors are naturally endless supply of their assets, comes back to bank account holders are dependent on the Shariah (Islamic laws) standards which are drilled by Islamic banks when offering this administration. When wadiah (trusteeship) or qard hassan (generous credit) are utilized, the profits are completely at the watchfulness of the banks. (Sudin Haron, 1996). Nienhaus, (2004) contends that if the clients of Islamic banks want an arrival on their assets, they should pay into venture accounts (additionally called cooperation records or PLS, benefit and misfortune sharing records). While, credit adjusts on these records are not viewed as stores in the traditional sense. The profits on Islamic banks venture accounts are not fixed ahead of time; the clients take an interest by a specific extent in the money related result of the use of their speculation assets by the bank. These outcomes could likewise bring about a misfortune. In the event of misfortune, the customers should bear a part of the misfortune which would lessen the ostensible estimation of the credit adjusts of their separate speculation accounts. In such a circumstance, the customers can't guarantee a full repayment of the cash paid in. The full repayment, be that as it may, is constituent for a store in the severe sense. (Nienhaus, 2004). Rosly and Zaini, (2008) state that people in general all in all put their cash in banks for either satisfying value-based requirements or for venture needs. To get the job done the value-based goal, Islamic banks offer administrations, for example, wadiah yad dhamanah store, which encourages care of their store cash with ensure administrations. In this item, contributors no longer store assets to get a fixed salary. Rather, they place their stores for protection.'Wadiah yad dhamanah implies supervision with ensure. Wadiah yad dhamanah contributors grant the Islamic bank to put their cash as an end-result of store wellbeing that they got for nothing. Since the guardian administration is given without a charge, the Islamic bank holds no legitimate impulse to pay investors a foreordained return and may do so just on deliberate premise. Along these lines, the bank holds decision on benefit dissemination approach as blessing (hibah). The equivalent isn't right for Islamic fixed stores, of tentimes known as mudarabah venture stores. In this association creation, no assurance is given to capital insurance and fixed pay, as it runs under value standard. It is a tricky item as the fundamental agreement depends on profitââ¬Å"loss sharing framework. Benefits are shared uniquely if there should be an occurrence of performing speculations, while capital may devalue or even psychologist if the venture finishes in misfortunes. (Rosly and Zaini, 2008). Haron and Azmi, (2004) talk about that like customary banks, Islamic banks likewise depend on investors cash as a key wellspring of store. Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad for instance, had all out stores adding up to 94 percent of all out liabilities and investors value toward the finish of December 2003. While on account of Jordan Islamic Bank, Islamic Bank of Bangladesh, Bank Muamalat of Indonesia, and Bank Shariah Mandiri of Indonesia, the comparing sums were 94%, 86%, 76%, and 79%, separately. These figures uncover the huge high aggregate of the contributors cash as a gracefully of money for Islamic banks. Thus, it gets imperative for the administration of Islamic banks to recognize the components that are well on the way to persuade clients dynamic in saving their capital with Islamic banks. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-23214366764897454512020-08-22T01:07:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:07:33.287-07:00Marketing Communications Brands - Experiences and ParticipationQuestion: Talk about the Marketing Communications for Brands, Experiences and Participation? Answer: Examination Dan Colby makes a fascinating correlation between various hypotheses in material science to the demonstration of promoting. These examinations were associated through the likenesses of the activities in both the speculations of material science and the way toward advertising. Newtons law Dan utilized this law to characterize that the size of a brand decides the measure of power required to change its situating in the market. The greater the brand, the more the clients and adherents. The situating of an enormous brand is more established in countless adherents and it really requires a great deal of exertion to change that picture of the brand (Scott, 2015). Heisenbergs vulnerability guideline This guideline in the realm of material science characterizes that the estimation of an article can never be exact and will change its state. Dan contrasted this with the showcasing movement of watching the clients conduct not having the option to gauge them precisely. Dan precisely expressed that the demonstration of close perceptions will, actually, change the typical conduct of the clients present in the market (Hollensen, 2015). The logical strategy Dan used this standard to characterize the impacts of a little negative comment on the solid and established great picture of the brand. This, indeed, bodes well as indicated by the past examples of brands losing their long-present validity and picture because of little negative comments and occurrences. Second law of thermodynamics The correlation of the expanding entropy of the frameworks, obviously expresses the way that the picture of a brand is appropriated or scattered at a high rate in the present social orders. This, thus, requires the administration of the associations to have compelling techniques to handle this quick scattering of the brand picture (Fill, 2016). References Fill, C., Turnbull, S. L. (2016). Promoting Communications: Brands, Experiences And Participation. Hollensen, S. (2015). Promoting the executives: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Scott, D. M. (2015). The new guidelines of advertising and PR: How to utilize internet based life, online video, portable applications, web journals, news discharges, and viral showcasing to arrive at purchasers legitimately. John Wiley Sons. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-82373185982624671552020-07-19T20:35:00.001-07:002020-07-19T20:35:02.541-07:00How can Student Score Good in Python Programming AssignmentHow can Student Score Good in Python Programming Assignment Every Python Programming Assignment you receive in your Academic Life means how much you know about their Python concepts. Whether it is a test or an Assignment Writing a Code can be tricky. If you want to learn Python Programming, it requires continuous Learning and Practice. Trouble With Python Programming Assignment Summary Trouble With Python Programming Assignment1. Start Early 2. Take Your Python assignment Seriously3. Seek Guidance and Clear Concept4. Understand the Logic or Algorithm before starting5. Debug your Program to Learn More There are some resources to learn Python Programming such as StackOverflow. It can still be tough to Complete Python Assignment on Time or to understand all about Code. Here are some tips how can Students score good in Python Programming Assignment. If you are in the First stage of Learning Python or Python Beginners, then You must follow these tips. 1. Start Early Start Your Python Assignment As soon as Possible as then you will be able to finish your Assignment on time. Python Programming Language Requires good Program Solving skills than you can learn through Practices. Before starting your Python Programming Assignment, you must Learn about the Python Programming Syntax. And make some little notes on Python Common codes. 2. Take Your Python assignment Seriously Assignments are the best way to prepare well for the exam. So if you are preparing your assignment by itself, it is well and good to learn and understand. IF you are not preparing your python assignment by itself and waiting for help. you can take help of Python Programming Help Providers, then you must read your assignment before submission to University. 3. Seek Guidance and Clear Concept if you are getting a problem with your Python Code and you want some additional help regarding your python Assignment. If you are now typing in google for can, anyone help me in my Python Assignment. Then Hire Call Tutors for Python Homework Help which is best Assignment help Service Provider. 4. Understand the Logic or Algorithm before starting Writing a Code on Paper by understanding code is the best method to learn Code. It is little time consuming so must understand logic/ algorithm before starting your python programming Assignment. Write Step by step logic to understand the Assignment solution. 5. Debug your Program to Learn More If you know how to compile and Debug your Python Program, then write your Code, Debug and correct error together. Debug your Program is a really good technique to clear your Python Code Concept about Syntax and semantics of Python. Once you start your python assignment and Correcting the error side by side, you eventually develop a problem-solving Skill. Quick Links How To Improve Your Grade13 Tips To Write An AssignmentHow To Do Homework FastHow To Make Resume For A JobHow To Write An Assignment Introduction Excellence in Python Programming requires hard work and time. Once you start to understand the concept of python Programming. you will be able to write your python Assignment by itself. But sometimes due to deadline issue, you need Python Programming Assignment help Provider. Then you can check there are many Python Assignment help Provider available in Market. It is very difficult to trust any. So after getting your Python Project From any service provider, you must read all the code by itself. Understand the concept then it will be easy to score well in Assignment and Exam also. You can submit your assignment to us anytime. Here in this Blog Post You Read About how can student score good in Python Programming Assignment? in Case you have any question or query you can write us in comment Section alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-70198457606305576102020-05-21T21:33:00.001-07:002020-05-21T21:33:04.689-07:00Ethical Behavior - 790 Words Introduction To Management Sharon Toney SUNY Empire State College Ethical Behavior In this chapter we look at the ethical behavior when it comes to business management. Ethics is defined as the code of moral principles that sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong, in oneââ¬â¢s conduct. You learn how ethical dilemmas complicate the workplace and how high ethical standards can be maintained. Social responsibilities and governance plays a part in ethical behavior as well. Ethical behavior is that which is accepted as ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠or ââ¬Å"rightâ⬠as opposed to ââ¬Å"badâ⬠or ââ¬Å"wrongâ⬠. For the reason an action is not illegal does not necessarily make it ethical in a given situation. Values vary, so that brings upâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Social responsibilities is an obligation of the organization to act in ways that serve both its own interest and the interest of its many stockholders. An organizationââ¬â¢s social performance can be evaluated on how well it meets economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilit ies. Corporate strategies in response to demands for socially responsible behavior include obstruction, defense, accommodation, and pro action, with more progressive organizations taking proactive stances. Corporate governance is the responsibility of a Board of Directors to oversee the performance by top management of a firm. Managers should exercise ethical self-governance by making sure that performance is achieved with commitments to high ethical standards and by socially. When governance is weak and the corporate scandals occur, you will sometimes see government stepping in to try and correct things for the future. Laws are passed and regulating agencies are put in place in an attempt to better control and direct business behavior. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is an example. It was passed by Congress in 2002 in response to public outcries over major ethics and business scandals; its goal is to ensure that top managers properly oversee the financial conduct of their organizations. The refore, ethical behavior plays an important role in the workplace as these principles determine the manner in which tasks are conducted by individuals, the moralShow MoreRelatedEthical Leadership : Unethical Behavior1568 Words à |à 7 PagesEthical Leadership With all the recent unethical behavior in high profile cases. 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On the other hand, Mother Teresa used persuasion for ethical reasons by caring alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-48490637889218558942020-05-06T23:50:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:50:06.944-07:00The Death Of Socrates Resides - 1324 Words The Death of Socrates resides in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is by Jacques Louis David, a French painter from the eighteenth century. This particular piece was done in 1787 about an event that occurred 399 BC. Socrates was faced with a legal decision to renounce his teachings or drink a cup of hemlock, killing himself. Socratesââ¬â¢s teachings were hugely influential in Greece at that time and it sparked recognizable change in Athens particularly. Athenian authority saw his revolutionary thought as a threat and because of his teaching he refused to renounce his teaching. Even without this knowing the dramatic story of the great thinker and his demise, Davidââ¬â¢s piece is profoundly striking. The movement and placement of each character as well as the balance of shape and color provide a certain attraction to this piece. Additionally, it provides a great example of the intriguing cross between art and The Academy. David intelligently pays tribute to the height and power of ancient philosophy as well as modern art and this marriage makes for a greatly impactful piece of art. At first impression, the movement and layout are the most arresting part of this piece. Socrates, propped up on his deathbed, appears strong and stoic but at the same time somber and delicate. The anatomic accuracy of Socrates as well as the other characters provides a geometric structure. Whereas the light suspension of the different fabrics in the painting provide a soft fluidity and these twoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Apology By Plato786 Words à |à 4 Pagessentencing of the philosopher Socrates. It reads as a firsthand account of the testimony from both Socrates and his accusers, more often than not Socrates has a rather strong rebuttal for the accusations however in the end it was still not enough to save him from conviction. This trail being the culmination of decades of teaching throughout Athens, to guide people to the truth that resides inside them. à à à à à à à à à à à Some of the ideas and teachings that come from Socrates in the Apology, are at timesRead MorePlato s The Trial And Death Of Socrates Essay1671 Words à |à 7 PagesPlatoââ¬â¢s The Trial and Death of Socrates presents the reader with complex competing conceptions of what should be considered ââ¬Å"the good lifeâ⬠. According to Socrates, ââ¬Å"the most important thing is not life, but the good lifeâ⬠(Crito, 48b). The majority, who live a non-philosophical life, believes the goods of life include wealth, reputation, and honor: all things that can easily be taken away or destroyed. On the other hand, Socrates lives a philosophical life filled with self-sufficiency. He views wisdomRead MoreSo What Exactly Happens After Death? Do We Reincarnate1314 Words à |à 6 PagesSo what exactly happens after death? Do we reincarnate into a different form? Do we somehow take someone elseââ¬â¢s body? The idea of what occurs after death has been controversy for many years. Thereââ¬â¢s has been theories and evidence that try to understand what exactly happens. According to Socrates he believes in the idea that thereââ¬â¢s still life after death and the soul and the body are two separate things. Furthermore, his ideas would be considered what dualist beliefs. Meanwhile, another philosopherRead MoreFate Or Free Will?882 Words à |à 4 Pagesinexplicable. Philosophically, there is an extremely diaphanous line separating free will and fate. Free will resides within oneââ¬â¢s individuality; it has to do with the present. The how and when experiences that are within our controls that is free will. On the other hand, human beings do not have immortality, so one will never be capable enough to circumvent dying that is fate. Socrates was one of the most distinguished philosophers to demonstrate free will. He would demonstrate this by choosingRead MoreSocrates : The Power Of Knowledge932 Words à |à 4 Pages philosopher Socrates touched many lives of the Athenians and lived to question the knowledge and intelligence of those he met. Socrates took joy in examining the world and self proclaims his own ignorance rather than living under the guise of being an expert. Student of Socrates, philosopher Plato grew in popularity around 400 B.C and strived to uncover the meanings behind ideas such as goodness, reality and beauty. While Socrates became infamous around Athens, and was later put to death for his coreRead MoreSocrates s Argument Against The Death Penalty1189 Words à |à 5 PagesSocrates was found guilty of the following accusations; corrupting the youth, believing in different gods, or being an atheist, and for ââ¬Å"examiningâ⬠the heavens above and the earth below. He inclined for a fine that could be paid instead of facing banishment, however, the court decided to give him the death penalty. There he slept in prison when Criton approached and attempted to persuade him to e scape. He declined as it would go against his logic and reasoning he taught his whole life. Was it ââ¬Å"justâ⬠Read MoreThe Body And The Soul1153 Words à |à 5 PagesAn Analysis of the Distinctions of the Body and the Soul in the Philosophy of Socrates This philosophical study will define the distinctions of the body and the soul as defined in the philosophy of Socrates. In the Phaedo, Socrates defines the important distinction between the â⬠visibleâ⬠body and the ââ¬Å"invisibleâ⬠substance of the soul. Socrates defines the temporal and changing nature of the visible body, which is impermanent. In contrast to this view, the soul is a higher form of incomposite energyRead More No Harm Can Come to a Good Man Essay1159 Words à |à 5 Pagesa Good Man Whether Socrates is portrayed correctly or not, he certainly was a great man. His contribution to western thought cannot be denied. For even if his teachings were different from what they are known to be at present, his influence on Plato is immense. And so, it is no small matter to describe the tragic passing of such a man as Socrates was and remains for philosophy today. Yet in all the indignation which is expected to arise at the death of Socrates, the panache with which heRead MoreThe Fear Of Death Is Meaningless984 Words à |à 4 PagesThe fear of death is meaningless in this concept. But what are we fearing in death? Is it the unimaginable or our life afterwards? Socrates does not seem to explain this; he simply summarizes that if you lead a life, such as seeking true wisdom, the idea of fear does not exist. What completely is death? He explains it as the separation of the soul and body, but is there actually more to that? For instance, what occurs to your body once you ar e liberated? How can the soul be called pure if it taintedRead MoreThe Soul Stays the Same in Plato1270 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"I think, Socrates, he said, that on this line of argument any man, even the dullest, would agree that the soul is altogether more like that which always exists in the same state rather than like that which does notâ⬠(Plato, Phaedo 79e) In this paper I will argue that the soul is not necessarily unchanging and eternal, as many of Platoââ¬â¢s arguments would suggest otherwise. The main reasons in support of this claim are that there are questionable conclusions that Plato had reached that challenge the alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-60944487596609389042020-05-06T08:39:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:39:00.920-07:00Determinants of Germanyââ¬â¢s Economic Robustness Free Essays string(106) " policies with the economic performance of Germany H0: There is nothing unique about Germanyââ¬â¢s success\." DETERMINANTS OF GERMANYââ¬â¢S ECONOMIC ROBUSTNESS: UNDERSTANDING THE SECRET BEHIND THE GERMAN ECONOMIC SUCCESS ââ¬â A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY Germany is the largest national economy in Europe, the fourth-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and fifth by GDP (PPP) (2008). Since the age of industrialisation, the country has been a driver, innovator, and beneficiary of an ever more globalised economy. Germany is the worldââ¬â¢s third largest exporter with $1. We will write a custom essay sample on Determinants of Germanyââ¬â¢s Economic Robustness or any similar topic only for you Order Now 408 trillion exported in 2011 (Eurozone countries are included). Exports account for more than one-third of national output and the Germanyââ¬â¢s strong export performance in goods or merchandise is also denoted by the term Exportweltmeister (world champion exporter). However, analysis of Germanââ¬â¢s economic history demonstrates that the country did not face constant growth throughout the years. It also had to face moments of recession just like other countries and its own past (reunification) appeared to have been a cause of Germanââ¬â¢s slow growth at times. Following are figures of Germanââ¬â¢s GDP throughout the last 3 decades which will help us to emphasise our statement. While the decrease in the year 1990s can be associated with the unification and the costs involved, that of 2010-2011, can be associated to the global recession that the world experienced then. Yet, even in the recession marred years, the German economy managed to stay stable as the world sixth largest country in terms of GDP (2009. ) Now, against the background of fragile global recovery and the intensification of the eurozone crisis, Germany has recorded strong GDP growth and a declining trend in unemployment. Whatââ¬â¢s the secret of such a robust economy? Referring to Germany, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said in December 1989 at a Strasbourg summit ââ¬Å"We defeated the Germans twice! And now theyââ¬â¢re backâ⬠. Although this statement was related to politics, it appears to be relevant in the economic context as well. As such, our study will consist of analysing more in details the secret behind this particular success or consistency and will also involve comparison of countries which also have more or less the same pattern of Germany but still cannot reach their level of development to underline what are those parameters which make Germany so unique. Current Situation Germanyââ¬â¢s economy is holding up better than expected amid the Eurozoneââ¬â¢s debt crisis, as robust demand from outside of Europe has helped offset weak activity on the continent. Several other factors contribute to Germanyââ¬â¢s solid macroeconomic position. Germany is the only major advanced economy which had lower unemployment rate in 2012 than it had in 2007. The level of German GDP has increased by a cumulative 5. 8% since the beginning of 2010, compared to 2. 3% for the eurozone. The monetary conditions set for the entire eurozone by the ECB are accommodative for Germany given the strong cyclical position of its economy. As a consequence of safe-haven capital inflows, yields are also at extremely low levels. Furthermore, Germany has a strong net external creditor position and a large, albeit gradually declining, current account surplus. The German financial sector has stabilised since 2009 and liquidity is abundant in the current environment. However, meeting Basel III requirements will remain a challenge for German banks in light of modest profitability and still a high leverage. Since mid-2008, German banks have cut their total eurozone exposure by â⠬332bn, a 30% fall, of which â⠬187bn was withdrawn from Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, a fall of 44%. Despite this fast pace of deleveraging, the quality of the remaining assets may well deteriorate further as the recession deepens in the periphery. In its semi-annual economic outlook, the German central bank raised its forecast for domestic GDP growth this year to 1. 0% from 0. 6% in the December outlook due to better-than-expected first quarter growth that was largely the result of strong exports to emerging markets. The upward revision brings economic activity near its potential growth rate of 1. 25. Growth in 2013 is seen at 1. 6%, down 0. point from Decemberââ¬â¢s forecast due to a statistical correction resulting from the revisions for this year. The Eurozone crisis ââ¬Å"may have left its mark, but the good structural condition of Germanyââ¬â¢s economy and the robust global economy have maintained the upper hand,â⬠Still, the outlook remains ââ¬Å"highly uncertain,â⬠with risks stemming ââ¬Å"overwhelminglyâ⬠from external factors. While weak Eurozone g rowth in the debt crisis has already been factored in to the forecasts, Germanyââ¬â¢s export-driven economy would be vulnerable to a ââ¬Å"noticeable weakeningâ⬠of conditions outside of Europe. Germany remains exposed to the systemic component of the crisis. A significantly deeper recession of its large eurozone trading partners could also push Germany into recession with negative repercussions for the fiscal stance as well. Furthermore, additional sizeable contribution to eurozone bail-out funds, on top of the EFSF guarantees, could push German debt level above 90% of GDP, close to the upper limit Fitch generally considers consistent with a ââ¬ËAAAââ¬â¢ rating. Materialisation of these risks would put downward pressure on the rating. Germany has all the ingredients of a declining public debt path. The economy is growing, budget deficit is moderate and nominal interest rates reached record low levels. Nevertheless the longer track record serves as a warning sign. Despite the fiscal rules of the eurozone, the debt/GDP ratio had increased to 83% by 2010 from 55% in 1995. During the 13 years of monetary union, the German debt ratio declined in only five years and has been above the 60% reference value since 2003. PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem that leads us to undertake this research is simple. Observing the amazing performance of Germany in the international market even in the period of recession, one wonder how this can be achieved by them while the others are still struggling. It becomes apparent that there must be some particular reasons behind this success. Research Question/Hypothesis H1: There is something unique that make Germany successful in the international market. H2: There is a relationship between the implementation of new economic policies with the economic performance of Germany H0: There is nothing unique about Germanyââ¬â¢s success. You read "Determinants of Germanyââ¬â¢s Economic Robustness" in category "Essay examples" They work on the same policies as other countries. OBJECTIVES AND AIMS OVERALL OBJECTIVE By this study, we hope to underline the policies that led Germany to success and from this knowledge, have a better understanding of the strengths and weakness of a business environment. Overall, we aim to have clear knowledge about impact of business environment on performance of business undertakings. In the long term, we can use the technique used in this research to analyse any business environment before setting up of any business firm. Also, we can advice other developing countries about implementing those policies which could benefit them considering their own business environment and also be on their path of development just like Germany. This research can be considered as a tool to determine business opportunities as well. SPECIFIC AIMS Understand the parameters that made the economy very strong in the market How is that amidst the gloom Germany continues to be the engine that drives the Eurozone economies, and also helping to bail out a few? How does the robust, high-tech manufacturing sector continue to be the export champion? What role do the academic system and ââ¬Å"Deutsche Tugendenâ⬠play in the success? What is the special Trade School training system that creates highly skilled technical workforce? Take into considerations other macroeconomic indicators particular to Germany Understand how one can take advantage of the strengths and weakness prevailing in its environment * Have valuable and actual knowledge of economic concepts BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE 1. (Raymond J. Ahearn and Paul Belkin; the German Economy and U. S. -German Economic Relations 2010) By most standards, post-war West Germany registered impressive economic performance in the first decades of its existence. But beginning in the mid-1990s, the German economy has been on a much lower growth path, averaging about 1. 5% of GDP per year. Unemployment has also risen steadily. These trends, which have been exacerbated by a steep 5% decline in German GDP growth in 2009, raise questions about the long-term vitality and strength of the German economy. A number of factors help explain Germanyââ¬â¢s declining growth rate. One factor has been the high cost associated with integrating the formerly communist East German economy into the Federal Republic since reunification in 1990. A second has been the growing cost of Germanyââ¬â¢s generous social security and welfare programs and associated regulations which some believe may undercut incentives for work and entrepreneurship. A third is an economy that is more geared towards exporting than domestic investment and consumption. With declining economic growth and rising expenditures on social protections, Germany faces significant budgetary and resource constraints. A prosperous German state remains critical to both the U. S. and European economies. Difficulties Germany may have in regaining a stronger economic position are important concerns, affecting the U. S. -German partnershipââ¬â¢s ability to mutually address and manage a range of bilateral, regional, and global challenges. The report therefore elaborates on these themes in three parts: the first section examines Germanyââ¬â¢s economic performance in historical perspective and assesses some of the domestic factors that may be contributing to Germanyââ¬â¢s less than optimal performance; the second discusses the reform challenges facing Germanyââ¬â¢s political leaders; and the third section evaluates a few salient U. S. -German economic policy differences and strains that seem to be influenced by Germanyââ¬â¢s weakened economic situation. 2. Financial System Stability Assessment, report prepared by the Monetary and Capital Markets and European Departments and approved by Jose Vinals and Antonio Borges, June 20, 2011; results in the following main findings: The main findings of the FSAP are: * The German financial system is recovering from the global crisis, yet low profitability hampers many banksââ¬â¢ ability to build stronger buffers against the shocks that could hit the global economy and especially Europe; * Structural reforms are overdue. The Landesbanken require thorough restructuring and probably downsizing, but the imperative to loosen constraints and strengthen banksââ¬â¢ commercial orientation is more general; * The standard of financial sector regulation and supervision is high. The crisis showed that more timely information, additional on-site supervision, and follow up through forward-looking supervisory action are needed; and * The framework to manage financial crises has been enhanced significantly, particularly with the introduction of a new bank resolution regime. Deposit protection schemes need to be rationalized, and Germany should actively help efforts to develop mechanisms to deal with cross-border crises. Very interesting report, but emphasises on the financial sector of the country and its current scenario only. 3. Talking about articles with reference to the Germanââ¬â¢s secret for economic robustness, there are various available were the authors aim to point out these parameters which made Germany so powerful in todayââ¬â¢s market. As such, an article from www. guardian. co. k goes on saying: ââ¬Å"Germany invested heavily in its Bavarian science and technology base, identifying future growth sectors and building clusters of excellence to attract investmentâ⬠¦ itââ¬â¢s still ââ¬Å"making stuffâ⬠â⬠¦ While the British focused on becoming lawyers and money men, Germany continued to respect engineering and making things (not just money)â⬠. Mr James Dyson, Author of Ingenious Britain, did not agree that this par ameter was the cause behind the German success and responded to this statement by saying ââ¬Å"In your coverage of the German success story, not a word has been printed on the German ââ¬Å"housing marketâ⬠. It is as if this were detached from the overall economic and cultural formula. Is it not a fact that Germany has a large, affordable rented sector with secure tenancies that deters a quick- housing-buck mentality? Does this housing culture not sustain investment in proper wealth creation (ie manufacturing) and thereby reduce the cycles of property boom and bust? â⬠Well, Mr Olaf Plotner the dean of executive education at the European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) in Berlin and author of Counter Strategies in Global Markets in his post in Forbes magazine also shares his views about the reasons to justify the Germanââ¬â¢s success. He goes on saying: ââ¬Å"cooperation between unions and employers plays a major role in the success of German industry. But thatââ¬â¢s just one part of a much bigger pictureâ⬠¦ German businesses have been able to avoid the focus on the short-term shareholder that dogs so many large companies elsewhere because of an ownership structure that seems unique to Germanyâ⬠¦ the companies give importance to uniting ownership and management. â⬠As of now, we have already different views from different people as they all try to explain the German success. Well, these views are not the only one. According to Mr Richard Anderson Business reporter for BBC News, ââ¬Å"Germany is a country whose inhabitants work fewer hours than almost any others, whose workforce is not particularly productive and whose children spend less time at school than most of its neighbours. But still, the German economy is so powerfulâ⬠¦why? â⬠Mr Anderson structured is study under three main headings. Euro bliss â⬠¦. Germany has benefited greatly from the euro; Germany adopted a much weaker currency than would otherwise have been the caseâ⬠¦ This has provided a terrific boost to German exports, which are cheaper to overseas consumers as a resultâ⬠¦. Just as important are the relatively low levels of private debtâ⬠¦ German companies and individuals refused to spend beyond their meansâ⬠¦ Germans are uncomfortable with the concept of borrowing money and prefer to live within their own means. ââ¬Å"In German, borrowing is ââ¬Ëschuldenââ¬â¢, [the same word for guilt. ] There is an attitude that if you have to borrow, there is something wrong with you,â⬠Labour reforms â⬠¦the Social Democratic government was able to use its close ties with labour unions to push for moderation in wage inflation. The reforms laid the foundation for a stable and flexible labour market. While unemployment across Europe and the US soared during the global downturn, remarkably the jobless number in Germany barely flickered. German workers were simply willing to work fewer hours, knowing that they would keep their jobs because of it. Job skills And in Germany, there is fewer stigmas attached to vocational training and technical colleges than in many countries. Research Gap The read reports do not seem to treat with the actual factors behind the success, hence we believe into scope for our research. Since in these articles, the German economic history I study but then related to other topics just like in the case of US-German relationship or the study of the German financial markets. True that these reports will help us in our study and can be used as a basis, they surely permit us to look at the Germanââ¬â¢s economy from a different point of view. Most of reports seem to elaborate a lot on the negative features of the economy, not that we intend to ignore the negative features but what we are trying to do here is to explain how despite these features, Germany is able to hold such a position in the global market. Specifically we want to pinpoint the special policies which allow this achievement and propose economic models to other developing countries in order to permit them to also achieve such a miracle. Thus, reading the articles, we can see there are already numerous parameters that each of authors believed to be the one behind the success of Germany. Our study will therefore constitute in analysing these factors and comparing the performance of Germany with that of other countries which also have this factor. We will also try to analyse the impact that the implementation the each factor had on the economy of the country. To emphasize on the relevance of this research, we can another article by in the New York Times which states: ââ¬Å"Germany had the formula right all along. â⬠Hence, our study will be directed towards analysing all the various aspects that made the formula right and try to make it right in our business environment as well! RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Overview The research is a diagnosis research. In fact, a diagnosis research is one which is directed towards discovering what is happening, why it is happening and what can and is to be done about it. It aims at identifying the causes and helping to arrive at possible solutions. Diagnostic research probes into the reasons `why? and goes beyond the problems. Our research is directed towards giving us in-depth knowledge about the reasons which made Germany successful today and we are interested in knowing which of these can be used by other nations as well. Our study will be divided into the following chapters: Chapter 1: here we will deal with the introduction to the study and the aim and purpose of the same. The subject background will also be studied in this step. We intend to trace the economic history of Germany in this section from World War II till today; macro and micro economic variables will be explained and we can propose an elaboration on the economy theory that is followed by the country. Chapter 2: will be dealing with review of books, articles, research papers and journals published with respect to the topic and identification of the research gap. Chapter 3: will elaborate on the research design. Here the parameters that we aim to use in our research will also be defined. As such, the parameters that we wish to study are as follows: 1. GDP, 2. Debt to GDP ratio, 3. Unemployment, 4. Household debt, 5. Inflation, 6. Commodity price swings 7. Foreign trade ââ¬â imports/exports, net surplus, 8. Social spending, 9. Education, 10. Healthcare, 11. Pension funds, 12. Manufacturing vs. agrosectors, 13. Private Public undertakings, 14. Patents 15. Innovation, 16. Mittelstand 17. Housing prices, 18. Real estate, 19. New firms reg. 20. Firms winding up, 21. New investments, 22. Banking, 23. M As abroad, 24. Fuel prices Chapter 4: the data collected will be analysed and interpreted I this chapter Chapter 5: appropriate findings can be drawn from the data processed and conlusion will follow Population and Study Sample Our study will require interaction with economic experts and other industry-related experts who will give us insight and information about the various policies that are prevailing in Germany and their impact on the economy. Sample Size and Selection of Sample Here, we can select purposive sample and we will require snowballing as a technique as well since our study is very particular and one expert might put us into contact with another of his colleagues. Sources of Data The main sources of data will be secondary but expertsââ¬â¢ insights in terms of interviews will constitute our primary data also. Collection of Data The secondary data will collected by visiting websites, reading books, analysing research papers, articles and other thesis. The primary data is collected by mean of interview. Data Analysis Strategies They will be use of regression analyse the percentage change that the implementation that each parameters did on the economy They will also be use of correlation to analyse the data from other countries which implemented each particular parameter. First, we will have to analyse each of these parameters in the German environment and then compare the German performance with other countriesââ¬â¢ which have the same potentiality. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY STRENGTHS * There is important number of secondary data available for the research making the researcher job simpler. The study of this topic will lead to actual application of various economic concept hence, better understanding of economics as a subject. * Study of business environment being the first step for any project development, this project has important scope for the researcher. WEAKNESSES * The study being somehow dependent on secondary data, there is chances that these might not be relevant leading to false co nclusions. * There might be a possibility that these policies which made Germany so successful cannot be transferred to any other country. In which case, our How to cite Determinants of Germanyââ¬â¢s Economic Robustness, Essay examples alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-66332932227141502932020-04-26T10:12:00.001-07:002020-04-26T10:12:03.125-07:00Printing Press Essays - Textual Scholarship, Documents, Printing Press I believe that everyone has heard the phrase, "The pen is mightier than the sword." This statement I cannot argue, but the point I want to make is that the printing press is the mightiest of them all. The origin of printing itself was only the first stage in the development of books as we know them. To understand the modern book, one should know of its history and realize the gradual process it came from since the pre-written manuscript. THERE WERE FOUR DISTINCT PHASES IN THIS METAMORPHOSIS (Butler xi). 1. In the beginning, this was just a means for performing a writer's work more quickly, neatly, and cheaply than was possible by hand labor (Butler xi). 2. Only gradually did the early printers and their clients understand to accept the technical limitations of typography and to exploit its peculiarities (Butler xii). 3. The discovery of true publication (Butler xiii). 4. The printed book entered into the fourth phase of its metamorphosis - it became a major factor in history (Butler xiii). The origin of the mechanical process was the first step in books as we know them today (Butler xi). The earliest scribe, like the public, had learned to read in pen-written volumes and was unaware of anything else (Butler xi). The printer's problem was to invent a method for producing mass quantities of a standardized product (Butler xi). The printer was not free to produce a new product which might serve the same purpose as the old one (Butler xi). His goal was simply to copy the manuscript but to do this mechanically (Butler xii). The printer's task was far more difficult than we imagine (Butler xii). Many parts of the manuscript, which were time-saving and labor-saving tools for the scribe, were only additional hindrances for the printer (Butler xii). As printers and their customers learned to accept the technical limitations, the book they produced took on new forms and developed new cultural potentials (Butler xii). Calligraphic ornaments were replaced by those of typographic style, and all sorts of new facilities were provided for the reader - title pages, illustrations, maps, tables, indexes, etc. (Butler xii). The discovery of true publication was different than the manuscript economy. Under the manuscript economy, a writer responded to current demands. He copied books to order, or, if he built up a stock in anticipation of sales, it was of the volumes most frequently asked for - school and university textbooks and standard works in theology, law, or medicine, constantly used by professional students and practitioners (Butler xiii). The printer, however, soon went beyond this and realized the potential of publication (Butler xiii). To expand his business, he undertook to create new demands (Butler xiii). The printer searched through old libraries for whatever books he thought the people might buy, if they were made available (Butler xiii). He also provided new works brought to him by living authors, and, finally, he came to order on his own, undertaking journalistic accounts of recent happenings (Butler xiii). In response to his initiative, the world learned to read books and not merely to study them (Butler xiii). The publishers made people read for its own sake (Butler xiii). This became the habit of educated men - a practice forgotten since the collapse of Roman civilization (Butler xiii). Books became a major factor in History. Publishers made known that the book could not only inform and entertain the masses but also affect their thoughts and actions (Butler xiv). It was used to spread new beliefs, to sway men's opinions, to win their support, and to arouse their passions (Butler xiv). During the first century of printing, the press became a potent weapon of public appeal and propaganda (Butler xiv). Modern man makes constant use of printed materials (Butler 1). People accept their presence in their lives as a matter of course -almost like the air we breathe and the ground we walk on (Butler 1). Unless our attention is drawn to it, we never notice the extent of our obligations to the printer (Butler 1). Yet, there is hardly a thing that we do or a source of delight that we enjoy that does not involve alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-41682510559775937132020-03-18T19:46:00.001-07:002020-03-18T19:46:02.907-07:00The dramatic impact of the opening of the play EssaysThe dramatic impact of the opening of the play Essays The dramatic impact of the opening of the play Essay The dramatic impact of the opening of the play Essay In the opening Birling begins talk about his business and his aspirations to join with Crofts Ltd. As he talks about his own business he refers to himself, on three separate occasions, as a hard-headed business man. Clearly showing his pride and how vain he is, this description reflects Birlings self image and shows the audience his characteristics. But the reference is also made three times and for many people 3 is an unlucky number. Birling continues with his speech and goes on to talk about war: And I say there isnt a chance of war. Bearing in mind that this play is set in 1912 World War One began only two years later, so this contradicts everything that Birling has just said. The audience at this time may have had to live through this war, and when Birling makes these comments they trust and believe him less and less as they know his predictions are rubbish. This establishes a message that is being directed at the audience; that the family talk nonsense and make grave mistakes. The Second World War then reinforces that the family do not learn from their mistakes, as did the countries that fought in these wars. Birling proceeds to talk about the voyage of the Titanic and says how it is unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable which the audience again know is false. The Titanic is quite an important reference in the play as it has layers of meaning that reflect facts about the Birling family. The meal that the Birling family are set to enjoy starts as a celebration with joyful conversation and talks of many happy things, much like the voyage of the Titanic. The ship was a thing of great importance; it was a huge solid structure that supposedly could not be broken, the Birlings also had this impression of themselves (solid and respectable). This shows how they thought they were better than most people simply because of their social status. Although as the play carries on events unfold that unearth very unpleasant things about the characters, and the family slowly falls apart, and sinks- exactly like the Titanic. Eric and Sheila can also be seen as survivors of the wreckage, as they seem to be the only ones who can and have been rescued from the awful family affair. Whereas the Birling parents could not be saved and didnt heed any warnings before the problem arose, much like the Titanic and its crew. The timing of the Inspectors entrance is crucial as it is immediately after Birling has finished his speech to Gerald and Eric about business and his predictions. In fact the final sentence before there is a ring at the door is a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own this ultimately sums up his feelings about others, below his social status and in his community which is exactly how his reactions are when he discovers Eva Smith has died. This is again reflected when he is more concerned about the Inspectors arrival rather than the poor girls death; Yes yes horrid business but I dont understand why you came here Inspector? As soon as the Inspector enters he takes control of the scene and the people around him, he is described as creating an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. This instantly creates an intimidating and authoritative figure, even though we already know hes an Inspector. Just before the Inspector enters Birling also asks for more light, as is directed in the stage directions before Act One by Priestley. The relevance of light can mean many things, as it can represent something holy and glorious, or it can be seen as a revelation in a serious of events. In this play the Inspector is mainly there to spread light over the past events and reveal the truth, however he can be seen as a supernatural power: deus ex machine. This phrase completely describes the Inspectors role in the play as he is dropped into the play and completely changes the mood and tone. This great figure then brings up the question, is he a real person? The name Goole reminds us of a ghost, as in ghoul, and the phrase dues ex machine means god out of a machine, maybe the Inspector is the voice of God or that of Priestley. Either way the inspector comes in to completely change current events and disrupt the family to reveal their true selves. The foreshadowing and irony that the inspector brings to the play is also greatly relevant, when he says: you seem to be a nice respectable family. The audience already know to some extent and later totally discover how untrue this is, another example of the unreliability of the family. The opening of the play aims to establish character and setting. It does this by simply describing each character we also discover how Birling is very arrogant and very narrow minded which is shown through his ridiculous assumptions. The Inspector is established as a very powerful and dominating character the reference to him and the light is also in the opening. The major themes are also introduced, such as the class and gender division and the moral and social responsibilities that are also linked with the age of the characters. Priestley makes the opening of An Inspector Calls very dramatic towards the end to draw and entice the audience to watch more. Priestley explores quite controversial issues of the time, and these issues make the audience interpret the character differently, showing how he uses the audiences personal experiences to influence their feelings towards the play. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-69535294753875710742020-03-02T11:32:00.001-08:002020-03-02T11:32:03.598-08:00The Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job SearchThe Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job Search You may think the best way to get a job is to search online, update your resume, and blitz it out in response to as many postings as you can find. But youââ¬â¢d be wrong. As it turns out, about 80% of jobs are not posted online. So no matter how many applications you send out, youââ¬â¢re still only working with about 20% of whatââ¬â¢s out there. There are also a number of common myths and misconceptions that can derail even the most tenacious of job seekers. Debunking these can do a world of difference. Hereââ¬â¢s two things to remember:You donââ¬â¢t need a great deal of experience (or sometimes even any) to get your dream job.You donââ¬â¢t have to settle until you get that job.So where does that leave you and your job search?You must always be prepared with a pitchThe best thing for job seekers to do- and this wonââ¬â¢t come as much of a surprise- is network. Network, network, network. That means first and foremost, coming up with a convincing and charming eleva tor pitch. An answer to the ubiquitous question: ââ¬Å"So tell me about you.â⬠Youââ¬â¢ll need to craft this perfectly to show your goals, experience, selling points, and just how perfect you are to match a potential employerââ¬â¢s needs. Then youââ¬â¢ll need to rehearse it until it comes out of your mouth as naturally as an exhale.Be sure to include a goal statement at the end. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m â⬠¦. and interested in â⬠¦. and currently hoping to transition into â⬠¦ ideally in the X industry.â⬠Stating your job search need as a goal ensures that youââ¬â¢re never outright asking anyone for favors; youââ¬â¢re simply stating who you are and what youââ¬â¢re looking for, which wonââ¬â¢t annoy or offend any potential contacts.The shorter and simpler, the betterââ¬âjust be smartWhen youââ¬â¢re working on your resume, be sure to err on the side of brevity. DO include bullet points to maximize easy reading, but donââ¬â¢t include too many - and make sure the ones you do include are each doing something for you. Make them as results-driven as possible, rather than heavy on the job description. Lead with your best bullet.Once you get an interview, be sure to be as well prepared as you were for networking. Though, there, the big question is ââ¬Å"Tell us a little about your biggest weakness.â⬠You may have been told that the best strategy here is to claim that youââ¬â¢re an incurable perfectionist. The internet, more often than not, will counsel you in this direction. But the Internet is wrong. Youââ¬â¢ll just sound insincere. The better strategy is to choose something youââ¬â¢ve actually been working to improve. Explain how it was a challenge to you in the past, and what youââ¬â¢ve been doing, actively, to turn it into a strength instead. Give an example of your progress just to prove youââ¬â¢re not full of baloney.Itââ¬â¢s okay to make demandsOnce you get an offer, be sure not to roll over and accept the salary without question. It is okay and expected to negotiate. A few tips:Donââ¬â¢t be the first person to suggest a number. The person who speaks first in this arena alwaysIf they ask you to give a number first, deflect. Say that youââ¬â¢re negotiable, but youââ¬â¢d like to hear their range to see whether it fits for you.Do research before going into negotiations. Figure out what is standard at that company and in that position within the industry. And donââ¬â¢t ask for a number extremely outside of that range.Tell them instead that youââ¬â¢re being considered in the range of the top third of that bracket, but ensure that youââ¬â¢re negotiable.If you let go of some of the most common misapprehensions and job search myths, you should have a much better, clear-eyed approach that will likely start to get you the results you need. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-48070836644567038422020-02-15T02:58:00.001-08:002020-02-15T02:58:03.054-08:00How strongly has colonialism shaped the trajectories of post-colonial EssayHow strongly has colonialism shaped the trajectories of post-colonial African countries Discuss using one or several examples - Essay Example Would they have been richer or poorer today? This question has elicited debate for more than five decades, and also instigating exciting research by economic historians in colonial archives, an aspect, which has put the debate on a sound empirical footing. Some study findings have shown evidence of improved economic development outcomes within the period of colonialism. For instance, in the British West Africa, there was an increase of real wages (Frankema and Van Waaijenburg 2005, 34). Additionally, the status of military recruits in British East Africa and Ghana indicated that the height was increased during the colonial period, a pointer of increasing prosperity. Other arguments are that colonial rule was predatory. Should we consider this as evidence that colonialism was good for development in African countries? It should be considered that assessing the impact of colonialism does not only involve just looking at raw numbers, but also taking into consideration the counterfactual . We need to think on what the trajectories of African societies would have been at present if colonialism did not take place. Reid, (2002) observe that most African countries saw a steady rise on incomes during the colonial period. Africans reaped the benefits in development of infrastructure such as roads and railways as well as the mining technology. Colonization also led to deep integration of these African states into the World Trade Center and the world economy (115). However, it is still unclear n the extent by which such developments were contributed by colonialism and whether the development would have happened anyway due to the wake of global trade expansions or any other reason. The fact that there was a rise in the standard of living does not imply that all peopleââ¬â¢s living standards improved. Just taking an example from South Africa, the immiserising impact of land expropriation and establishment of ââ¬Å"dual economiesâ⬠on alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-35505990165911791762020-02-02T03:49:00.001-08:002020-02-02T03:49:02.318-08:00Environmental Fundamentals Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsEnvironmental Fundamentals Paper - Essay Example by physicists through their proficiency in physical laws. Computer scientists, mathematicians and engineers are involved in environmental science through computer modeling and technical innovations. Biomedical expertise contributes by assessing health repercussions of environmental issues, such as disease and pollution. Question Two In the 20th century, scientific and technological advancements contributed largely to the development of industrial societies that used underground resources extensively. This resulted in societies characterized by large-volume production, consumption and waste. However, on the other hand, the resources of the earth are limited, as well as the natural environmentââ¬â¢s ability to assimilate the enormous volumes of waste (Carson, 2002). This has given rise to environmental issues globally, ranging widely from acid rain to global warming, tropical rainforests and ozone layer destruction and desertification. Environmentalists have traced all these occurre nces to the increasing human activity facilitated by growth in science and technology. However, the progress of science and technology can also be used to resolve global environmental issues. The same power of science and technology can develop monitoring systems to warn of dangerous levels of pollution or emissions, hence triggering reduction or control measures. Innovations that have positively impacted the environment include the hybrid car and the catalytic converter. Science and technology can, therefore, be both a cause and solution to environmental issues in society today. Question Three The concept of environmental sustainability is important because it addresses ways in which human beings can accomplish a lifestyle that meets their fundamental survival requirements in a manner that can carry on indefinitely without causing harm to the natural ecosystems as well as their biodiversities. As a key topic in environmental studies, sustainability is an example of how policy and e nvironmental science may be used to resolve environmental problems. Historically, unsustainable interactions between people and their environments have been linked to migration, whereby human activity tampers with the ecosystem in a new settlement due to lack of technology or knowledge for sustainable interaction (Carson, 2002). With the ongoing non-sustainable human population explosion, the study of sustainability promotes the problem solving skills and facilitates problem-oriented researches towards a sustainable use of resources. The enormous global human population of over seven billion is rapidly heading towards an unsustainable level in terms of resource utilization, which makes sustainability more than just a study area, but also an economic, social and political tool in community service. Question Four Human intentions towards nature determine how they play their role towards sustainability and conservation. Organic farming, green building and recycling contribute towards s ustaina alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-49079837641598444162020-01-25T00:12:00.001-08:002020-01-25T00:12:03.166-08:00how to care for hermit crab :: essays research papers How to take care of Color. 1. Wash hands before handling à à à à à A. You donââ¬â¢t want her to get sick cause you are sick. 2. Always have salt water and fresh water available. à à à à à A. Salt water is that little pouch that I gave you. Add all of that to 2 cups HOT water. Shake in a closed bottle until all salt crystals are gone. à à à à à B. Use the tap water conditioner to remove chlorine â⬠¦ DO NOT FOR GET! Hermit crabs can not have tap water it will kill them! 3. Never pull her out of shell à à à à à A. Duh! 4. Feed her in the night and leave food there all day. à à à à à A. Feed her anything that does not have milk or dairy. And no citrus even though some say you can feed them that â⬠¦ I donââ¬â¢t think its healthy. à à à à à B. I usually feed her and Juicy carrots and peanuts. à à à à à C. Always cut up food so they have smaller pieces. 5. Use plastic wrap to keep in Humidity in the container. à à à à à A. Place the plastic wrap on the lid. During the day allow some air to come though and during the night cover completely. 6.Donââ¬â¢t place in direct sunlight. à à à à à A. Even thought the sun is a good source for heat. Its not good when paired with a heater. 7. Use the paper cups for water and food. à à à à à A. Because of the small area these work well. à à à à à B. Cut so that there is a depression on one side and the other sides are even. 8. Bath time! à à à à à A. After about 3 days you can give her a bath. à à à à à B. Use Conditioned tap water. à à à à à C. The best time is when sheââ¬â¢s out and walking. à à à à à D. Fill a bowl with water only water. Take her and place her up side down( her claws touch the bottom) and count to 45 fast like 1..2..3. 9.Have fun. à à à à à A. Color is the most active right now due to the fact that Juicy is molting. à à à à à B. Be sure to play with her. In the small container she could get stressed. à à à à à C. You can allow others to take care of her. Be sure they are gentle. And have washed their hands. à à à à à D. Never allow anyone to tap the side of the container. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-14536611893061681452020-01-16T20:34:00.001-08:002020-01-16T20:34:03.129-08:00Tablet PcMicrosoft tablet pc The History â⬠¢ Launched in November 2002, just three month the shipment reach 72,000 units. These developments make many of industry observer surprise because they forecast the market not ready to accept tablet pc until 21st century. â⬠¢ A half market sales in U. S and target to get optimist market in Asia As long they support and recognize many of language, they optimist for getting the market. â⬠¢ Analysis point: will take 6-12 month for the market adoption for increasing the market. The evolution of digital portable device Developing was start in 1980s. The technology is undeveloped and relative new in this period. â⬠¢ Several companies begin to develop: IBM, Dell, Compaq, Fujitsu launch portable personal computing device the form in notebook and personal data assistant (PDA). Exhibit 1. Explain us the revolution from the big mainframe computer until change to PDA or a pocket PC you can carried everywhere. â⬠¢ The first generation for porta ble device, thereââ¬â¢s portable in nature but for the function below from traditional desktop PCs was provide.And in this time there no feature of speech and hand recognition. â⬠¢ Stylus was developing to change the function of mouse and keyboard. â⬠¢ In 1990-1991 Microsoft Pen Service 1. 0 OS and the respond of market is not good. This is also happen in 1995 when Microsoft trying to fix the bugs by launching Pen Windows 2. 0 OS. â⬠¢ In 1998 Microsoft release windows CE 2. 0 with handwriting recognition. This is only 60% the accuracy to recognize the handwriting. â⬠¢ In August 1999 Microsoft begin on working at the device which is called tabled pc.This combines a desktop computer, mobile computer and pen-base system, which is the notebook without keyboard and mouse. â⬠¢ In 2000 Microsoft release Windows CE 3. 0 with handwriting recognizing for their PDA. Microsoft builds the tablet pc prototype â⬠¢ The prototype build not have feature that were present in notebook such as: external batteries, an external hard disk and external modem. This mean to reduce a weight, as well as, the width of a notebook/computer. â⬠¢ Six vendor hired by Microsoft for build the prototype: 1. Flextronics for the design aspect. . FinePoint Innovation for RF digitizer. 3. Phoenix for device enabling and management software product. 4. Transmeta for microprocessor. 5. Silicon Motion for video controller. 6. Silver Cloud Manufacturing for computer base filters and lenses. Positioning and promoting the tablet PC â⬠¢ In June 2000 Microsoft begin to demonstrate the prototype of PC tablet. The product did not receive much coverage because of minor part of the presentation. â⬠¢ In November 2000 the second demonstrate at the Comdex show with the presentation from Gates.The analysis and the industry observer were not impressed because they think gates only inform about the Brand image and if they want grab a market they must convince the market that the t ablet pc function better than notebook computer. â⬠¢ In 2001 Microsoft held their promotion in WinHEC to fix their strategy, update OEM developer and technology, and the roadmaps that the company would adopt for future computing product. The handwriting recognizing not success so Microsoft change plans to ink management feature. Which is keep the handwriting as original and not converting them to computer font). The target market for the tablet pc was the corporate users which is describe by Microsoft as ââ¬Ëknowledge workers with productivity focusââ¬â¢. â⬠¢ Tablet pc benefit than laptop computer: more light and easy to carried also the batteries power more life time. â⬠¢ After have a postpone for fix the problem, in November 2001 Microsoft do a promotional demonstration on tablet pc at the Comdex show. They introduce the tablet pc feature such as long battery life, sophisticated handwriting recognition, ink management, high speed microprocessor, high resolution d isplay, and build wireless capability.At this time the analysis and industry observer getting convince to their presentation but still have the criticism such as if the price is same or more that notebook price they will not lure to the market because they not really need change their notebook with some think not really different but with the high price. Tablet make a modest star â⬠¢ On November 7, 2002 microsoft launched tablet pc to the market at the same time the OEM partners to release their respective tablet PCs. â⬠¢ Thereââ¬â¢s more than 20 vendor hardware and software partnered with Microsoft to support the tablet pc. The firm expected the sale will be 425,000 units in 2003, but their have wrong expectation. Nearly 592,000 tablet PCs were sold around the world for the year ending 2002. What next for the tablets? â⬠¢ Analysis observed that although demand for the tablet PC was high in targeted niche area, this is because the two main of reason: the price is high er than laptop pc and they suffered from a lack of mainstream application. â⬠¢ To solve the problem Microsoft introduce a new tablet pc with lower of price. â⬠¢ They develop Microsoft office for tablet pc â⬠¢ The company partnered with more than 50 software and hardware vendor to support tablet pc. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-23313119203130666062020-01-08T16:56:00.001-08:002020-01-08T16:56:05.139-08:00Censorship For Middle School Students Essay - 1111 Words Censorship by definition is the suppression of speech or removal of communicative material which may be considered objectionable or repulsive. Censorship is nothing new and its effects are constantly felt throughout society. Many societies use censorship to protect the established moral and social order. Book censorship in western cultures can be traced to the earliest years of Christianity, when the church began to suppress opposing views as unorthodox. In ancient times, before the printing press and the mass production of literature, book burning was an effective form of censorship. This process guaranteed that no one would ever read them. Although book burning was very efficient it is now used as more of a gesture of protest to shockâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In the quest to mold the thinking of young adolescents censorship emerged in the classroom. Many people believe what children read affects their perceptions of the world and helps to form the attitudes that will govern th eir behavior as adults. Efforts to protect children and young adults have brought the censorship debate into school and public libraries throughout the country. Parents and school boards have subjected childrens literature to the closest inspection, with the frequent result of challenging concepts, languages, and illustrations. Whenever books for children present ideas and material that a group of adults, or even a single parent or teacher, thinks is inappropriate, the possibility of censorship arises. This could be the reason the first five books of the Harry Potter series has all been challenged or targeted for censorship in libraries in the United States because it portrays wizardry and magic. Many fundamentalist Christians were offended by the books theme of sorcery and its focus on murder. The issue became a serious topic when teachers began encouraging the Harry Potter series in public schools. Parents outraged by their childrens exposure to books containing dark magic, began to demand censorship of the books, hoping to ban them from public educational facilities. ââ¬Å"The ALA defines a challenge as a form written complaint filed with a library or a schoolShow MoreRelatedCensorship Is Not Limited Repressive Regimes Or Network Television?1522 Words à |à 7 PagesCensorship is not limited to repressive regimes or network television. Weather we know it or not censorship is happening all the time throughout the day. We censor ourselves, we listen to censored music and as students we see the internet being heavily censored in school. The Childrenââ¬â¢s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was signed into law in 2000; the law requires any public schools or library to filter any inappropriate content from the computers being used by minors. Since the law has been put inRead More High School Internet Censorship Essay1019 Words à |à 5 PagesHigh School Internet Censorship à à The common image that comes to mind on the topic of censorship is that of book burning. Dating back to ancient times, the easiest way to deal with unwanted writings has been to get rid of them, usually by heaping them into a blazing pyre. In his most famous science fiction novel, Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury warns of a futuristic society where all literature is destroyed under a kerosene flame and the citizens freedoms are kept in check by the lack of writtenRead MoreLanguage in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay719 Words à |à 3 Pagesbetween the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter(SourceC).â⬠Though I concede that the slang used is abhorrent and understand why it would be so offensive, especially towards a specific group of persons, I still insist that students must learn what acts of the past have shaped our modern world today and being able to recognize how far we have come since then. The unaltered version of Huckleberry Finn can serve as a wonderful opportunity for education on extreme prejudice. SourceRead MoreSchools Must Failing Their Students For Success931 Words à |à 4 PagesAlthough schools are entrusted to educate the next generation of great thinkers, schools fail to prepare their students for success. Graduating students are blindly entering society expecting luxuries that do not exist. Schools fail to teach that in the ââ¬Å"real worldâ⬠not everyone wins, schools take censorship to the extreme, and fail to teach self reliance. Ironically, schools set their students up for failure when they decide to implement a ââ¬Å"no failâ⬠grading system. Schools that implemented theRead MoreCensorship Is Not Freedom, Morality, And Safety Of The People1549 Words à |à 7 PagesWhen you think of the word, ââ¬Å"censorshipâ⬠, what do you think of? Secrecy? Morality? Oppression? Liberals often see censorship as a limit set by the government. A limit to suppress the capabilities of the human race. A limit that keeps a countryââ¬â¢s citizens intact. A limit that keeps the people ignorant so that the powerful can stay powerful. But what if I told you that censorship isnââ¬â¢t what the liberals say it is? What if I told you that censorship is the thing that is keeping our country togetherRead MoreEssay on Censorship and Banned Books1191 Words à |à 5 PagesCensorship and Banned Books Books are dangerous. They make you thinkÃâ¦feelÃâ¦wonderÃâ¦. They make you ask questions (Weiss p.2). At the present time, at least seventy-five books are being banned. This is hurting our culture more than it is helping. This has to be stopped; books cannot be taken off of the shelves at the rate that they are today. The books that are being taken off of the shelves are, for the most part, considered classics. The act of book banning puts limitations on what authorsRead MoreBanned Books1233 Words à |à 5 Pagesto communicate, others have sought to prevent them. Everyday someone tries to restrict what can be said, written, sung, or broadcast. Almost every idea ever has proved to be objectionable to one person or another. Books, especially public and school library books are among the most visible targets. Books are of often challenged due to an individual or group of individuals considering the book to be controversial, immoral, inappropriate, sexually explicit, divisive, corrupt, vulgar, violentRead MoreGovernments Immense Control Over the American Population Essay1159 Words à |à 5 Pagesentity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs (Politics Definition). The government regulates or censors everything from what we watch on TV to what the future of America (i.e. children) learns at school. Is this type of control necessarily a good thing? Politics and politicians alike should not have as much power in the control of the lives of people. Most laws have been passed for the personal gain of those it is implied to help. Laws are beingRead MoreCensorship Is Only A Temporary Setback1598 Words à |à 7 PagesCensorship is Only a Temporary Setback Censorship will always interfere with freedom of speech. In Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, censorship is one of the main topics depicted. Censorship including the banning of books has been an issue thoughout history. There has been violence similar to the book burnings by the firemen in the novel. In 2009, Harry Potter books as well as other novels and music records were burned by Paster Jack Brock in front of his congregation. He felt that these books wereRead MoreCensorship Is A Controversial Topic Essay1399 Words à |à 6 Pages Censorship in the media that is a very common yet, controversial topic due to the subject matter being around children and the youth. It has sparked attention from many government and public individuals that have demanded a probation on certain age groups. The official start on the entire blockade of certain age groups has started with the MPAAâ⬠Motion Picture Association of Americaâ⬠in wanting to prohibit certain age groups from viewing ce rtain movies, yet there has always been ways around the alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-91143867507099482242019-12-31T13:22:00.001-08:002019-12-31T13:22:04.146-08:00Ethical Dilemma Faced By A Registered Nurse On The Medical... Ethical Dilemma Paper This paper will describe an ethical dilemma faced by a registered nurse on the medical/surgical unit at Baptist Nassau. This dilemma will be analyzed using Catalanoââ¬â¢s ethical decision-making model (2009) for nurses. Throughout this paper the pros and cons of this dilemma will be discussed, as well as answer the question ââ¬Å"Is it morally and ethically justâ⬠? The ethical dilemma encountered by the nurse involved a 69 year-old female patient. This patient had cancer that had metastasized to the bones and brain with a diagnosis of approximately one week to live. This patient was alert and oriented times four but very weak and lethargic. The patient was having difficulty swallowing pills, fluids and food. Therefore her intake was very little. She had no advance directives but was of sound mind and could make her own decisions. The patientââ¬â¢s pain level was 10/10 on a pain scale of 0-10 with 10 being the worst pain. ââ¬Å"Even before end of life, nearly half of patients with cancer report moderate to severe pain; up to 30% report the pain as severe; and an estimated 25% will die in pain (End-of Life Care, 2015)â⬠. The patientââ¬â¢s family did not want the patient to take her pain medication during the day because it would sedate the patient. They wanted to spend every waking moment with their loved one. ââ¬Å"Often fa mily members of the dying patient cannot make end-of-life decisions or have conflicting desires about the care that should be provided (Blais alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-17942144578238311412019-12-23T09:09:00.001-08:002019-12-23T09:09:03.200-08:00The Boy Who Was Raised As A Dog And Other Stories From A... Paper 2: The Boy Who was Raised as a Dog and Other Stories from a Child Psychiatristââ¬â¢s Notebook Summary Dr. Bruce Perry, an incredible psychiatrist, describes some of his many experiences with extremely traumatized children in his novel, ââ¬Å"The Boy who was Raised as a Dog and Other Stories from a Child Psychiatristââ¬â¢s Notebookâ⬠. Throughout this book, Dr. Perry presents just a slight insight into what children all over the world experience: violence, neglect, abuse, starvation. Due to the effects of these harsh realities, many children are viewed as strange or different, but in reality, they are some of the bravest children Iââ¬â¢ve ever heard of. Though all of these stories are incredibly remarkable, one of the children that stood out to me theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦During her first session, after being repeatedly asked what happened to her neck (referring to the scars left by her attacker), Sandy picked up a stuffed animal and motioned as though she were cutting its neck. She then repeatedly stated, ââ¬Å"itââ¬â¢s for your own good, dudeâ⬠. Dr. Perr y soon learned that this phrase is what her attacker whispered to her, before slicing her throat. In the sessions to follow, they met at a church, because she was under a form of witness protection to keep her safe from her perpetratorââ¬â¢s fellow gang members. Dr. Perry allowed her to guide the ââ¬Å"playâ⬠during their sessions and she chose to reenact the night of her motherââ¬â¢s murder, using him as the dummy. She forced him on the ground and had him lay as though he were hog-tied. She would then walk around the room and bring various toys to him. Dr. Perry determined that she was choosing to relive her horrible experience, but this time, she was the one who had control. This allowed her to come to better terms with what happened and begin to heal. Slowly, Sandy began to change Dr. Perryââ¬â¢s position to laying on his side. Then, one day, after months of work, she chose to lead him to a rocking chair instead. She then handed him a book and sat in his lap. Sandy spent the rest of her sessions sitting in his lap, as he rocked her and read to her. Slowly, but steadily, Sandy made progress. Through the time he spent with her, Dr. Perry wasShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-21559593506385545562019-12-15T05:38:00.001-08:002019-12-15T05:38:05.189-08:00Absurdism Free Essays 1 This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the School of Theater Dr. William F. Condee Director of Studies, Theater Tutorial Program Thesis Advisor Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Angela Ahlgren Visiting Assistant Professor Thesis Advisor Jeremy Webster Dean, Honors Tutorial College 2 HAPPY DAYS: A MODERN WOMANââ¬â¢S APPROACH TO ABSURDISM THROUGH FEMINIST THEATER THEORY A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for Graduation From The Honors Tutorial College With the degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theater By: Rachel Collins 3 Table Of Contents Introduction â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦4 On Absurdismâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 6 On Beckettâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 10 Happy Days Production Historyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 16 Feminist Theaterâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã ¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦18 Beckett and Gender (Happy Days)â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 23 Happy Days in Performance: A Feminist Perspective (Process)â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 34 Happy Days in Performance: Reflectionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 40 Conclusionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦48 Annotated Bibliographyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 52 Creative Supplementary Materialsâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦59 Happy Days Rehearsal Notesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 59 Happy Days Rehearsal Scriptâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦74 Happy Days Program and Event Flierâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 92 Happy Days Production Photosâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 94 4 Introduction This thesis examines the character of Winnie in Samuel Beckettââ¬â¢s Happy Days through performance and the lens of feminist theory and critique. In the wake of the Second World War, a number of artists in Europe attempted to find meaning in what some considered a meaningless world. The war had ravaged Europe, and it was difficult to find hope across the continent. Many artists during this time were concerned with existentialist ideas. These new social constructs led dramatists to experiment with new forms, which dealt with these existentialist philosophies through a dramatic medium. These forms experimented with language, de-railed linear plotlines, and placed characters in bizarre situations. Martin Esslin, the producerjournalist turned scholar, coined the phrase ââ¬Å"the Theatre of the Absurdâ⬠in his book of the same title. One of the major writers of this new form of drama was Samuel Beckett. Since Beckettââ¬â¢s plays began to be performed in the 1950ââ¬â¢s, theater critics have typically viewed performances of Beckettââ¬â¢s works through the lens of existentialism, and his style prompted many to consider him an absurdist. Absurdist theories were able to frame the dramatic works for that time, but as the social constructs of Western culture, especially those concerning women, have changed, so has dramatic criticism of women. As half a century has passed since the initial writing of Beckettââ¬â¢s plays, it is important to consider them, especially those with strong female characters, through a modern feminist critique. Beckettââ¬â¢s writing took place during the second womenââ¬â¢s movement. The Second World War had changed peopleââ¬â¢s views on morality, and society was forced to 5 redefine its standards. Before the First World War, class structure in Europe was rigidly defined. People ââ¬Å"knew their placeâ⬠and the gap between the rich and the poor was almost un-crossable. The war created opportunities for the lower class to advance in social position, but once it was over, society attempted to return to its pre-War structure. This cycle happened again after the Second World War. During the war, oppressed peoples in Europe were allowed to do things that they hadnââ¬â¢t been able to previously, but once it was over they were expected to return to their place in society. In Europe these people, including racial and religious minorities, the working class, and women, were fed up with these constraints. Women in particular strove to gain more equality in the job market and other venues. Beckett was in the interesting position of writing in the midst of this social revolution. In many ways, he was very familiar with the old world and traditions, where womenââ¬â¢s place in society was subservient to her husband. But he was also looking forward to what the future could bring. His work in many ways anticipated the second womenââ¬â¢s movement. Beckettââ¬â¢s early dramatic works are filled with male characters. Each of these men is attempting to answer the most basic of lifeââ¬â¢s questions: Who are we and why are we here? However, it was not until 1961 with Happy Days that he gave the stage over completely to the voice of a woman. In Waiting for Godot, Endgame, and Krappââ¬â¢s Last Tape, women were not given a strong voice on the stageââ¬â¢s playing space. With Happy Days and the character of Winnie, Beckett gave women a voice in his work. Traditionally, Happy Days has been viewed through an existentialist lens, much in the same way that Beckettââ¬â¢s other works are 6 viewed. This study, however, attempts to re-frame Happy Days through a new set of scholarly examinations: the ideas of feminist theory and theatrical performance. Through scholarly research and performance of the piece, I looked at this important work from a new perspective. In the twenty-first century, an actress cannot approach the part with the same background as a woman playing the role in the early 1960ââ¬â¢s. While it is important to look at plays within the historical context and tradition in which they were originally performed, this view limits the performer. If one was to only look at a piece of work historically and not interpret it using modern approaches, theater would, I believe, eventually become stale and no longer relevant to the world other than from a historical museum. Happy Days needs a new evaluation. It is time to examine it through the eyes of a modern-day woman, because that is the person who will be performing this role today. On Absurdism Absurdism was a deviation from traditional French theater but not conscience movement in itself. At the beginning of the twentieth century the avant-garde movement was regarded in the same vein as the symbolists of the late nineteenth century: their art was attempting to achieve the same results. Symbolists were reacting against the naturalist and realist forms of art and believed that the only way to represent the truth and meaning of life was to do it indirectly, instead of through exact imitation of reality. Much of the world was trying to recover after two large-scale wars. During the late 1940ââ¬â¢s and the 1950ââ¬â¢s, the French were interested in looking at the past for inspiration for their drama. Myths, legends, and symbols were primarily 7 used as subject matter. Particular emphasis was placed on the structure of language, for ââ¬Å"the ââ¬Ëpoetic avant-gardeââ¬â¢ represent[ed] a different mood; it is more lyrical, and far less violent and grotesqueâ⬠than the theater of the absurd (Esslin 25). Productions tackled the mystery of dreams and desire through traditional dramatic conventions. Paris, which has been the cradle of a number of new artistic movements, was the birthplace for new schools of thought, and the avant-garde of Paris drama ââ¬Å" is this part of the ââ¬Ëanti-literaryââ¬â¢ movement of our time, which has found its expression in abstract painting, with its rejection of ââ¬Ëliteraryââ¬â¢ elements in pictures; or in the ââ¬Ënew novelââ¬â¢ in France, with its reliance on the description of objects and its rejection of empathy and anthropomorphismâ⬠(Esslin 26). Theater artists realized that this was an important advancement for their art form as well, and began to experiment with these forms through dramatic constructs. Esslin choose the word ââ¬Å"absurdâ⬠to describe these plays based on the wordââ¬â¢s definition, which means ââ¬Å"out of harmony with reason or propriety; incongruous, unreasonable, illogicalâ⬠(Esslin 23). The work of the absurdist playwrights, including Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, Harold Pinter, Edward Albee, Tom Stoppard, and David Mamet, carry these attributes. Most of these dramatists claimed they are not trying to be ââ¬Å"absurdist. â⬠Even Esslin, who coined the phrase, states that ââ¬Å"the writers in question [are] individuals[s] who regard themselves as lone outsiders, cut off and isolated in his private worldâ⬠(22). This phrase has, however, been accepted widely to describe plays of this type, because the authors in question ââ¬Å"can be seen as the 8 reflection of what seems to be the attitude most genuinely representative of that era in style, execution, and philosophyâ⬠(Esslin 22-23). Esslin borrowed these notions of existentialism from the ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Camusââ¬â¢ essay ââ¬Å"The Myth of Sisyphusâ⬠(1942) deals with existential issues, such as a lack of a God or omnipotent presence and fixed moral standards. Throughout the essay he stages an argument around suicide to examine what he considers the absurdity of life. In short, he believes that ââ¬Å"the absurd enlightens [himself] on this point: there is no futureâ⬠(Camus 58). He delves into the idea that life has no true purpose, and even when many humans discover how mundane life is, they still choose to continue living. Esslin quotes Camus: A world that can be explained by reasoning, however faulty, is a familiar world. But in a universe that is suddenly deprived of illusions and of light, man feels a stranger. His is an irremediable exile, because he is deprived of memories of a lost homeland as much as he lacks the hope of a promised land to come. This divorce between man and his life, the actor and his setting, truly constitutes the feeling of absurdity. (Camus qtd. in Esslin 18) With these ideas of manââ¬â¢s insignificant place in the world, humans, not God, determine their own existence. In the absence of the influence of a higher power, there is no longer any certainty in an afterlife, or in anything, as humans are fallible beings. This then creates a philosophy that is based more on the individual versus the collective. Sartre on the other hand explains a more hopeful interpretation of existentialism. While Camus stresses the humanââ¬â¢s inability to break the cycle of absurdity, Sartre asserts that humans are absurd because their free will always puts 9 them in complete control of their fate. In his book Existentialism and Human Emotions, Sartre asserts: Man is condemned to be free. Condemned, because he did not create himself, yet, in other respects is free; because once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does. The existentialist does not believe in the power of passion. He will never agree that a sweeping passion is a ravaging torrent which fatally leads a man to certain acts and is therefore an excuse. He thinks that man is responsible for his passion (Sartre 23). A person is therefore in complete control of his or her own destiny. There is no God, so there is no set of doctrines or moral code to follow. The only thing that one has to rely upon is his or herself, and that reliance is what creates absurdity. Life has no meaning, because ââ¬Å"before you come alive, life is nothing; itââ¬â¢s up to you to give it a meaning, and value is nothing else but the meaning that you chooseâ⬠(Sartre 49). Therefore, life is meaningless unless one chooses to give it meaning. The philosophies of Camus and Sartre are critical to understanding the existential elements of the absurdist works. Another aspect of absurdism is that it attempts to create a world that accentuates the strange and bizarre. In short, it ââ¬Å"strives to express its sense of the senselessness of the human condition and the inadequacy of the rational approach by the open abandonment of rational devices and discursive thoughtâ⬠(Esslin 24). It has a chaotic structure that creates the illusion of an irrational universe. The plots are unclear, as well as the relationship between the characters. There is ambiguity in space, time, and relationships between characters. Words and phrases are repeated so that language itself becomes inadequate and incomprehensible. Reality is skewed so that the viewer does not know the difference between fact and fiction. Plays tend to be 10 cyclical in that they end in the same place they started. These never-ending cycles create an illusion of despair, and remind the audience how continually hopeless life can be. There is also a strong vaudevillian presence within absurdist drama: this creates an element of humour that therwise might be absent, and also highlights that as desperate as life can be, there are still moments of laughter within misery. The plays are funny and tragic at the same time, and they utilize traditional clowning techniques as well as orchestrated pauses to convey their messages. Therefore, ââ¬Å"the Theatre of the Absurd has renounced arguing about the absurdity of the human condition; it merely presents it in beingâ⬠(Esslin 25). Although absurdism is a widely defined genre, Beckett is considered by many scholars to be one of the pioneers of the form. When considering other playwrights and plays as absurdist, many scholars to this day compare the writers and works to Beckettââ¬â¢s canon. Therefore Beckett, although he does not consider himself to be an absurdist writer, is one of the major contributors to this style of theater. His works are numerous and his unique style is what brought absurdism to the forefront of dramatic movements of the late twentieth century. On Beckett Samuel Beckett was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1906 to Protestant middle-class parents. After he pursued his education in Ireland he was offered a teaching fellowship in Paris, which he accepted. There he met James Joyce and a variety of other artists. Joyce, impressed by Beckett, stated that ââ¬Å"he thought Beckett had promiseââ¬âa rare 11 gesture for himâ⬠(Alvarez 12). It was during the late 1940ââ¬â¢s and into the early 1950ââ¬â¢s that Beckett ââ¬Å"began his lifelong association with Parisâ⬠and his fascination with the French language and linguistics in general. It was then that Beckett began writing; he published his first novel Murphy in 1938. After spending time in Ireland with his mother, Beckett returned to Paris when World War Two began. He volunteered for the Red Cross and was involved in the war in many ways, from helping with wounded soldiers, to joining radical political groups and trying to aide Franceââ¬â¢s war effort. He was forced to flee Paris when friends in a radical political group were arrested. Once the war ended, Beckett returned to Paris. It was during this post-war period that he wrote a number of dramatic works, including his most famous play, Waiting for Godot (Bair 381). After Godot Beckett wrote Endgame (1957) and Krappââ¬â¢s Last Tape (1958). Shortly after the premier of Krapp he began writing Happy Days in October of 1960. Happy Days came at an interesting time in Beckettââ¬â¢s career: because of the success of Godot, Endgame, and Krapp, ââ¬Å"celebrated playwrights, [and] other dramatists who studied his plays wanted to share their ideas, and in most cases, to pay him homageâ⬠(Bair 527). His new fame also caused rifts in Beckettââ¬â¢s personal life. He and his partner Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil were planning on getting married, but wanted to keep the ceremony under wraps. They were making their relationship official because Beckett had realized current French law would not allow Suzanne to inherit the estate or his money if he were to die. They wanted to get married in England because ââ¬Å"as an Irish citizen whose financial affairs were concentrated in 12 England, he had to be married there to insure the legality of the ceremony and Suzanneââ¬â¢s right to inherit his estateâ⬠(Bair 530). However, since Beckett and Suzanne had been living in Paris, he had to reside in England for two weeks before the ceremony was legal, according to English law. During these few weeks, Beckett hid himself from the public eye in the Bristol Hotel and worked on his Happy Days manuscript. Like his early plays, Happy Days is an examination of life in an absurd situation. A woman, Winnie, is buried alive in an ant hill in a scorched landscape, while her husband Willie prattles around behind the landscape. Winnie is first buried up to her bosom and then to her neck in a large hill (presumably an abandoned ant hill, as one single emmet wanders the mound). She spends her days chatting about seemingly mundane nonsense, all with the hope that Willie might just be listening to her. While Winnie endures blistering heat, increased immobility, and a strident bell that keeps her from falling asleep, ââ¬Å"she remains to the bitterest end, implacably optimistic and talkativeâ⬠(Alvarez 108). Her unfailing hope in the future is both depressing and hopeful. It is her optimism that causes so many audience members to be moved by Winnie. In one Beckett biography, Diedre Bair asserts that as a result of Beckettââ¬â¢s increasing fame, Suzanne found it more difficult than usual to deal with her new husband. According to Bair: She resented his fame and felt that he should have made a more public acknowledgement of her important role in bringing it about. She wanted to be known as the helpmate who had made his success possible. He wanted nothing at all known about himself, least of all details which he considered of no more 13 than domestic import. He felt he had demonstrated his gratitude to her by marrying her when both considered the ceremony a mockery. (533) Bair believes the couple grew apart as the years passed: ââ¬Å"They had nothing in common anymore, but neither thought of parting. Beckett began to envision their relationship as one in ineluctable bondage, and from then on, veiled references to their situation began to appear in his writingâ⬠(Bair 534). It is conceivable that much of the Happy Days plot was derived from his personal life, because it was written during the events surrounding his secret wedding. Other biographers, including James Knowleson, assert that Beckett and Suzanne had a loving relationship. While they were having problems in their small apartment, they felt if they moved to a bigger space they would have more time to live independently of each other. Therefore, Knowlson notes ââ¬Å"the [bigger apartment] allowed them to live parts of their lives independently-without one disturbing the other, if he or she did not want to be disturbedâ⬠(423). Knowlson also mentions in this biography that Beckett had a mistress named Barbara during this part of his life, but that Beckett still felt (even though he waited almost a quarter of a century to marry her) that he was committed to Suzanne. In this account the marriage was troubled, but the couple was working through their problems. Because of their fiercely independent personalities, both wanted and desired independent space: their union worked best when there was a good combination of time together and time apart. It is this examination of Beckettââ¬â¢s married life that is pertinent to Happy Days, as Beckettââ¬â¢s view on the institution of marriage and lifelong commitment is explored throughout the text. 14 As Beckett is from Ireland and his English dialect is influenced by that country, Happy Days has Irish undertones in plot and form. While Beckett spent a majority of his life in France, his strongest ties were to his Irish roots. He was fascinated by the old ways or the old words that the Irish used, such as emmet (an ant). The way Beckett manipulates language is particularly Irish. Beckettââ¬â¢s use of the language is distinctive, utilizing traditional Irish techniques of ââ¬Å"repetitive . . . words or sentences; . . . transformations, division, contraction, shortening and lengthening of words; and the minimization of the number of different words per sentence, but also exaggeration through redundanceâ⬠(Van Slooten 48). Beckett also was very attached to music in the Irish tradition. He wrote to utilize ââ¬Å"vocal techniques and sound effects [including] the sound of vowels and consonants and the alternately winded, syncopated, and pounding rhythmsâ⬠to shape his textsâ⬠(Van Slooten 48). What is most interesting about this concept is the life and mobility that the Irish language gives to a piece like Happy Days, where the central character is trapped in a hill. The dialect itself requires a wide range of emotion and tonality in its expression, so that ââ¬Å"stage directions such as ââ¬Ësadââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ësuppliantââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëvery excitedââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëirritatedââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëlaughingââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëexplosiveââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëmelancholyââ¬â¢, and the individual diction for different characters indicate how much importance [Beckett] attached to these matters and show how his words should be voicedâ⬠(Van Slooten 58). Because of the nature of the language in Happy Days, it is important to evaluate it through the Irish musicality to find the momentum of a play that contains little to no stage movement otherwise. 15 This ââ¬Å"Irishnessâ⬠can be seen in a London performance of Happy Days at the Old Vic Theater in 1975 (later transferred to the Lyttleton Theater in 1976). In this production, Dame Peggy Ashcroft played Winnie, Harry Lomax played Willie, and Peter Hall directed. Despite Ashcroftââ¬â¢s positive reputation, this particular production received a number of mixed reviews. One reviewer, Rosemary Pountney, believed that Ashcroftââ¬â¢s biggest weakness was her lack of vocal range. She believed that while Ashcroft had a great vocal capacity, Pountney loathed the Irish accent that Ashcroft attempted: Her greatest strength as an actress, the marvellous flexibility of her voice, was flattened and deadened in an attempt to convey an Irish accentââ¬ânot a strong Irish accent, but, much more difficult for a non-Irish woman, the suggestion of one. A ââ¬Ënon-accentââ¬â¢ accent resulted, with Dame Peggyââ¬â¢s superb voice not merely out of tune but restricted in its range, as though straitjacketed. Thus Winnieââ¬â¢s fluctuations of moodâ⬠¦ were dulled and Act 1 seemed to lack impact (Pountney). Although Ashcroft did not do the dialect justice, Pountney addresses that Beckett had written a musical quality to his dialogue, which in many cases is what ââ¬Å"scoresâ⬠the actress through the piece. The repetitions in the script work as guidelines and create the score of the production. Pountney was impressed by understanding of the Irish nature of the piece, but not so much their enactment of it. It is important to note that Happy Days was originally written in English, whereas most of Beckettââ¬â¢s works were previously written in French. Beckett stated that his reasons for writing in French were because it gave him a strict structure around the language. Because French was not his native language he was forced to be selective when he chose words, he chose words selectively, and did not inadvertently 16 embellish the language (Van Slooten 48). Although he translated all of his plays himself from French to English, there is still an element of sparseness to the language. Since Happy Days was originally in English, the style of the writing is different. Although there are pauses in the dialogue, the sentence structure flows differently than the sparse language of Godot or Endgame. Therefore, Beckettââ¬â¢s use of the English language in my production is paramount to understanding it through performance. Happy Days Production History Happy Days was performed for the first time on September 17, 1961 in New York at the Cherry Lane Theater. The production starred Ruth White as Winnie and John C. Becher as Willie; Alan Schneider directed the production. Schneider and Beckett had a long career as collaborators. Schneider directed a number of Beckettââ¬â¢s plays, including the American premier of Waiting for Godot, and Film? among many others. Because of prior commitments Beckett was unable to come to New York to supervise direction of this production. The two men therefore corresponded in letters to relay information, and according to Bair ââ¬Å"Beckettââ¬â¢s letters could easily become a textbook for Happy Days should [anyone] ever decide to publish themâ⬠(536). As with any Beckett performance, the directions given to the actors were thoroughly specific, as Bair describes: They are long and painstaking, filled with minute directions for action and how it should correspond to speech; detailed descriptions of lighting, even to the physical properties, brand name and positing of each individual bulb; and a series of drawings in pen and ink done by Beckett to show exactly how he wanted Winnie and her mound to appear, and what the position of Willie should be at all times in relation to her. (536) 17 At many times throughout the process, Schneider was worried that he was not doing Beckett or his script justice, since the directions were so specific. He remained worried until the show opened to an eager audience. The reviews of the play were mixed, as they had been for many Beckett plays before, but the reviewers who liked the production were not shy in their praises. In The New York Times, Howard Taubman praised the performance, especially Whiteââ¬â¢s, stating that she: conveys a profound sense of the dark, empty spaces of Winnieââ¬â¢s life. She uses her voice to achieve a remarkable range of nuance. Her eyes, her lips, the very lines in her face suggest mood and feeling. She fusses bravely with the black shopping bag that seems to contain all her worldly possessions. Her attempt to be invincible turns into a pitiable failure. At the end, with the silly, feathered little hat atop the head projecting out of the mound, she seems like a puny, weary Earth Mother of a mean, despairing world. (Taubman) The performance was praised for its ability to not only inspire viewers to look at lifeââ¬â¢s deep existential and sometimes disheartening questions, but also to reveal compassion, which is rare in Beckettââ¬â¢s works (Taubman). Ruth Whiteââ¬â¢s performance was so revered that she received a 1962 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance. While the first few performances were received well, they were still looked at from a primarily masculine perspective. The majority of theater reviewers were male, and so the comments on the productions came from a male perspective. At this time however, a different group of artists was exploring theater from a feminist perspective. They experimented with dramatic forms to ighlight the female experience, which they believed to be lacking in society. It was during the late 1950ââ¬â¢s and early 1960ââ¬â¢s that feminist theater began to be produced. 18 Feminist Theater For many centuries the theatrical arts were dominated by men. Notable feminist scholar Sue-Ellen Case states that when the second-wave feminist movement began in the early 1960ââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"the singular term ââ¬Ëfeminismââ¬â¢ was often employed to describe a variety of political and critical re alms. This term was interchangeable with the term ââ¬Ëthe womenââ¬â¢s movementââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (62). The feminist movement was divided into a number of philosophies. In the theatrical world, there are two major approaches that scholars have identified as self-conscious approaches to feminist work: that of the radical or cultural feminists and that of the materialist feminists, otherwise known as socialist or Marxist feminists. Both of these groups influenced how the experiences of women were presented on stage. The most common form of feminism in the United States and democratic European countries was what Case identifies as radical feminism. This particular form of feminism ââ¬Å"is based on the belief that the patriarchy is the primary cause of the oppression of womenâ⬠¦ the patriarchy represents all systems of male dominance and is regarded as the root of most social problemsâ⬠(Case 64). Radical feminist performers and theater practitioners have concerns with the style of realism, because of ââ¬Å"the nature of realism as a conservative force that reproduces and reinforces dominant cultural relationsâ⬠in which man is superior to woman (Dolan 84). They believe that most male playwrights write about the male experience from a male perspective, even if writing female characters, and that the male experience is directly linked to patriarchal society. According to Jill Dolan: 19 By rejecting both realism and the genderized posturings of the of the maledominated experimental theater groups, the new feminist theater meant to create woman identified productions. This work, created by women for women, focused on womanââ¬â¢s experience with one another and their connections to each other through gender and sex. Identifying with each other as women was meant as an antidote to their oppression under patriarchy (85). Radical feminists believe that realism is inherently patriarchal, so they want to create a new form of realism for the female spectator so she ââ¬Å"can find a coherent identity in the mirror image they hold upâ⬠(Dolan 99). It was the continual oppression of the feminine gender that most radical feminists wanted to examine. One of the most significant oppressions that women felt was that of sexual oppression from a maleoriented society. For centuries, ââ¬Å"male culture made womenââ¬â¢s bodies into objects of male desire, converting them into sites of beauty and sexuality for men to gaze uponâ⬠(Case 66). Many women as a result were afraid to discuss intimate details about their biology or their sex lives and desires. Radical feminists wanted to challenge social norms and allow for womenââ¬â¢s issues to rise to the surface, to reclaim womenââ¬â¢s place in history. They wanted to portray womenââ¬â¢s collective struggles against the ââ¬Å"patriarchal backdrop on which women have been victimized,â⬠to highlight the centuries of male dominance in the theater (Dolan 88). In radical feminist theater, Brechtian and Artaudian techniques were often utilized. The Verfremdungseffekt, otherwise known as the distancing effect, is a technique Bertolt Brecht used in his epic theater to ensure that the audience would not become emotionally attached to the characters and could serve as an external political observer. In contrast, Antonin Artaud believed that the theater should contain an aspect of cruelty. He did not intend cruelty to mean causing physical pain for an actor 20 r audience, but cruelty in the way of making violent or disturbing actions on stage so the audience member is forced to deal with uncomfortable topics. Brechtian techniques are used in feminist theater to alienate the audience and Artaudian to make them feel uncomfortable as they are faced with the breaking of cultural norms. Radical feminist performances, however, differ from those traditions in that radical feminist performances generally consist of a ritualistic element, which created t he illusion of timelessness. This differs from Brechtââ¬â¢s usual usage of historical events to urround his plotlines. These performances also highlighted the biology of women and the power they held as a result, whereas Brecht largely concentrated on the politics and Artaud on the cruel intentions. While this was the intention, often ââ¬Å"the body is curiously lost in [performance], perhaps because truly considering the body in space means dealing with the representational apparatus, which the feminine aesthetic is inadequate to handleâ⬠(Dolan 97). This struggle between rejecting and embracing realism is used as a means to advance feminist ideologies through performance. Dolan and Case discuss one other type of feminist performance: that of the materialist feminist. The major idea materialist feminism expounds is that all oppression comes from societal construction, and that capitalism is the major determinant in this construction. This can be seen through a historical labor production as Dolan explains: Production is the central human action played out in the market place and, for women, in the domestic sphere. The organisation of the forces of production and the role of wages create the situation of the worker. In the market place, the woman worker has generally been paid lower wages than the man and retained in a subordinate position without upward mobility. In the domestic sphere, unpaid housework and unpaid 21 reproductive and child-rearing labour have been instrumental in shaping the condition of women. The nuclear family is perceived as a unit of private property, in which the wife-mother is exploited by the male as well as by the larger organisation of capitalism (Dolan 83). Therefore, the materialist feminists believe that there should not be a distinction between genders, but that all genders should be treated with equal weight. Instead of viewing women as a gender, they are treated as a class, much like middle class, upper class, or working class. In short, the woman lives in a system that provides free labor to her husband or her employer. She provides free labor for her husband ââ¬Å"by producing future workers as babies and by preparing the labourer for each dayââ¬â¢s workâ⬠(Case 84). As a result, this form of feminism has been most prominent in European countries, as the class structure is more defined in those countries than in North America. The only way that a woman can liberate herself from this structure, according to this form of feminism, is to enter the workforce. According to Simone de Beauvoir1 in her revolutionary text The Second Sex (1949), when a woman receives employment she is liberated from her husband and can be her own member of the social structure. She then ââ¬Å"ceases to be a parasite [and] the system based on her dependence crumbles; between her and the universe there is no longer any need for a masculine mediatorâ⬠(Beauvoir 679). In patriarchal society, men have the liberty of having their occupation not determined by their gender. Women who try to deviate from this norm are subject to oppression, as ââ¬Å"the woman who does not conform devaluates herself sexually and hence socially, since sexual values are an integral feature of [a patriarchal] societyâ⬠(Beauvoir 682). Materialist feminists believe that by changing the economic structure, 22 the social structure will soon follow. If women are given equal opportunities in the workplace and are treated as men, they will not be sexualized and demoralized as before. Therefore, in performance, materialist feminists do not see it necessary to portray women as accurately as they would in life, because that is not the aim. The aim is to see women as a class, not as a performer of gender. Materialist feminists believed that the theater could be used to advance their gender in society, but they felt that the radical feminists were slightly misguided. They felt that if women were still working under the constraints of a male society, they were weakening women until she could only exist as a representation on stage. Therefore, the materialist feminists wanted to discover ââ¬Å"how to inscribe a representational space for women that will point out the gender enculturation promoted through the representational frame and that will belie the oppressions of the dominant ideology it perpetuatesâ⬠(Dolan 101). The materialist feminists deviated from the idea that ââ¬Å"patriarchy is everywhere and always the same and that all women are ââ¬Ësistersââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ and instead used their theater to underscore ââ¬Å"the role of class and history in creating the oppression of womenâ⬠(Case 82). The most successful way to make their points, they believe, is by highlighting the arbitrary nature of gender and its performance in society, and to assert that all real differences between individuals are the results of class inequalities, which in turn manifest in gender inequality. They wish ââ¬Å"to reveal the complicity of the representational apparatus in maintaining sexual difference,â⬠and prove that it is not as important to maintain these differences on stage as it had been in works of realism (Dolan 101). 23 It is through the performance ideologies of radical and materialist feminism that most feminist theater of the late twentieth century can be categorized. Also, many subsequent forms of feminist theater have been widely influenced by these theories, either directly or because the performers choose explicitly to deviate from the feminist theater norm in order to make their own points on gender in society. However, even today, much of feminist theater employs techniques of distancing, alienation, highlighting differences between sexes. They are less concerned with making sure gender is represented accurately on stage in accord with realism, or talking about issues that are traditionally considered feminine, such as womenââ¬â¢s sexuality, body, and life experiences due to gender. Beckett and Gender (Happy Days) Beckett is often criticized as being sexist. This claim comes mainly from the way the Beckett Estate, which is in control of all of Beckettââ¬â¢s works, deals with gender when giving out performance rights to companies. Beckett has made it very clear that only men are allowed to perform the roles for men, and women are allowed to perform the roles for women. His estate has filed a number of lawsuits on companies trying to change the gender roles in his works and has been successful in most instances (Jeffreys). Though some have gotten angry at the iron grip that the Beckett Estate seems to have on Beckettââ¬â¢s works, there is a logic to the demand that each gender represented in a play must be played by an actor of that gender. Beckett intentionally wrote a part for a man so a man could play it, in the same way that he wrote a part for a woman to play. He wrote very clear male and female voices. The female voice 24 specially that of Winnie, is inherently unique. She does not speak about herself or her troubles in the way that Vladimir and Estragon do in Godot. She does not speak about prostates or having an erection, she speaks about lipstick and quotes Shakespeare. Therefore, it is imperative to explore gender and choice of language in Beckettââ¬â¢s works, because he was so deliberate with gender in his productions. In many ways, Beckett has represented his women stereotypically. Throughout his writing career, however, Beckett began to challenge his original notions and began to portray women more diversely. At the beginning of his career, when he was focusing on prose, most of Beckettââ¬â¢s women were overbearing and clearly antagonistic to men. For example, in his first novel Murphy, the main female character, Celia, is a prostitute that Murphy lives with. Celia makes many demands of Murphy, and is portrayed as an overbearing woman throughout. On the other hand, Beckett did move away from some established theatrical gender roles. In traditional gender roles, young women were often sexualized and are portrayed as ââ¬Å"beautiful, chaste, and usually staticâ⬠(Bryden 18). Some say that Beckett does not conform to this gender stereotype because most of his women are loud, overbearing, in grotesque circumstances, and older. For example, in Happy Days, Winnie is continually overbearing toward Willie, especially when giving him specific directions on how she wants things done. He cannot even go where he wants without Winnie screeching, ââ¬Å"Do as I say, Willie, donââ¬â¢t lie sprawling there in this hellish sun, go back into your holeâ⬠(Beckett 25). Winnie has lost much of her vitality, and in a way is so far removed from it she is no longer bound to the stereotypes of youth. Instead, Winnie is 25 confined to stereotypes of age, as many older women are portrayed as meddling, controlling, and loving, just as Winnie is. Another gender stereotype would be the care that Winnie takes in preserving her appearance. Throughout the beginning of the play, Winnie is focused on making sure she keeps up her physical appearance. The act of obsessive grooming and the placement of value in physical appearance tend to be regarded as feminine traits. At the beginning of the play Winnie is following her morning routine. She brushes her teeth, checks herself in the mirror, and begins to apply lipstick. She is also concerned about the appearance of her hair. Winnie is in the middle of a thought when she anxiously cries out, ââ¬Å"My hair! Did I brush and comb my hair? I may have done, normally doâ⬠(Beckett 22). In a number of productions of Happy Days, the design takes into account the idea that in Act II Winnie is unable to move her arms any longer. Therefore she is unable to tend to her personal appearance. In the 2007 production of Happy Days at the Royal National Theatre in London starring Fiona Shaw, the actress had blackened teeth, mussed hair, and a dirtied face at the onset of Act II. This showed that Winnie was unable to take care of herself, and this choice is even supported in the text when Winnie mentions, ââ¬Å"Willie, look at me. Feast your old eyes, Willie. Does anything remain? Any remains? No? I havenââ¬â¢t been able to look after it, you knowâ⬠(Beckett 62). Willie, as a man, does not tend to his appearance in the same vein at all, and to that effect does not help Winnie keep up her looks when she is no longer able. Winnie must give him orders on how to take care of his 26 appearance. Therefore, Beckett places the female in the stereotypical role of taking care of her appearance, while the male is placed in the role where he does not. Winnie is also obsessed with her declining looks. It is clear that she spends much of her time trying to impress Willie and feels that because she has lost her looks, she has lost what makes her desirable to men. She states, ââ¬Å"Was I lovable once, Willie? Was I ever lovable? Do not misunderstand my question, I am not asking you if you loved me, we all know about that, I am asking if you found me loveable at one stageâ⬠(Beckett 31). Winnie believes that her lovability is directly attached to the past, and therefore her youth. It is generally considered typical of women, rather than men, to be obsessed with their own youth and beauty. Women are typically cast off as undesirable when they reach a certain age, whereas men have a much longer time frame before society deems them too old to be physically attractive. Winnie also remembers her beauty from before she was in the mound, stating: and now? The face. The nose. I can see itâ⬠¦ the tipâ⬠¦the nostrilsâ⬠¦breath of lifeâ⬠¦ that curve you so admiredâ⬠¦ if I stick it outâ⬠¦the tipâ⬠¦suspicion of browâ⬠¦eyebrowâ⬠¦imagination possiblyâ⬠¦. Cheekâ⬠¦noâ⬠¦noâ⬠¦ even if I puff them outâ⬠¦ noâ⬠¦noâ⬠¦damask. (Beckett 52) She truly believes that her looks are the only reason that Willie could have ever loved her, and now that they are gone, she has no means of attraction. It is stereotypically characteristic of a woman to have these thoughts, and the preoccupation fits the gender stereotype. Winnie is also a stereotypical woman in the way she remembers her past lovers. For example, she is very sentimental about the memories of her first ball and her first kiss. It was with ââ¬Å"a Mr. Johnson, or Johnston, or perhaps I should say 27 Johnstone. Very bushy moustache, very tawny. Almost ginger! Within a toolshed, though whose I cannot conceiveâ⬠(Beckett 16). According to most gender stereotypes, it is typical of women to be obsessive over past relationships. Winnieââ¬â¢s memory is no exception. She also remembers another lover before Willie named Charlie. It is a fleeting memory, where she contemplates the situation, stating, ââ¬Å"Ah yesâ⬠¦ thenâ⬠¦nowâ⬠¦beechen greenâ⬠¦thisâ⬠¦Charlieâ⬠¦ kissesâ⬠¦thisâ⬠¦all thatâ⬠¦ deep trouble for the mindâ⬠(Beckett 51). Clearly, Winnie is saddened in her memories but clings to them because she has little left that she can value as a result of her situation in the mound. Holding onto her past lovers represents Winnieââ¬â¢s desire to hold onto her rites of passage, including her first sexual experiences. Beckett explores a number of other stereotypes, including the purse Winnie carries. A purse is traditionally considered a feminine object to carry and generally is filled with trinkets that women are prone to using or carrying around. For example, the bag that Winnie uses is filled with such objects as a compact mirror, a handkerchief, a bottle of medicine, lipstick, a brush and comb, and a nail file. Although it can be argued that Winnie is bound to her purse because of her lack of mobility and things to occupy her time, it can also be seen as a comment on the female gender and their stereotypical dependence on the purse or bag that they carry. Winnie has great faith in her bag, and is protective of and dependent on it, stating: There is of course the bag. The bag. Could I enumerate its contents? No. Could I, if some kind person were to come along and ask, What all have you got in that big black bag, Winnie? Give an exhaustive answer? No. The depths in particular, who knows what treasures. What comforts. (Beckett 32) 28 Winnie is so attached to her bag she believes that the objects themselves carry not only meaning, but life. In the second act Winnie contemplates, ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s things, Willie. In the bag, outside the bag. Ah yes, things have their life, that is what I always say, things have a lifeâ⬠(Beckett 54). This materialistic view has been attributed to women in many instances. Someone who marries a person for their money or resources is more likely to be a woman than a man (even though it is a stereotype for both genders), as women are seen as a lower class, and to escape their place in the class structure they marry into their wealth as they are not as privileged to earn it themselves. There is, however, one stereotypically masculine object in the bag: the revolver. In many cases, the revolver is a symbol of power and dominance over others. In the past, men typically carried firearms on their person and were given guns to use in war, an arena that has only recently been occupied in a standard capacity by women. The shape of the gun itself can also be considered phallic. The gun, considered as a phallic object, can also be seen as a castration of Willie. Winnie has essential ownership over his manhood. This can be supported by one of Willieââ¬â¢s few lines, in which Winnie asks him what a ââ¬Å"hogââ¬â¢s setaeâ⬠is, to which he replies, ââ¬Å"Castrated male swine. Reared for slaughterâ⬠(Beckett 47). Willie clearly sees himself as someone who is no longer in control of his masculinity and has fallen so far that his status is reduced to that of a pig. He is also so far gone that he is ready to be killed. He is on his deathbed, waiting to go to the slaughterhouse. This viewpoint is very alarming, and does shed a slightly negative light on women. Winnie, in many ways, 29 can be seen as a monster for having power over the gun and therefore Willieââ¬â¢s masculinity. It is again remarkable to note that Winnie, not Willie, is the owner of the gun as it suggests that Winnie is in possession of the masculine object, and thereby the power. It is in her bag, and though she seems repulsed by the idea of a gun, she is also somewhat fascinated and consoled by its presence. When considering the gun, Winnie states, ââ¬Å"oh I suppose itââ¬â¢s a comfort to know youââ¬â¢re there, but Iââ¬â¢m tired of you. Iââ¬â¢ll leave you out, thatââ¬â¢s what Iââ¬â¢ll do. There, that is your home from this day outâ⬠(Beckett 33). It is also unclear whether or not Willie is attempting to reclaim the gun from Winnie or not. At the playââ¬â¢s end, when Willie comes out ââ¬Å"dressed to killâ⬠and comes to Winnie on the mound where the gun is resting near her, Beckett makes sure that Willieââ¬â¢s last lunge towards the mound is ambiguous (Beckett 61). One is unsure whether or not he is trying to reach for Winnie, or for her gun. Regardless of his motive, one thing is certain: he does not attain the gun; it remains in Winnieââ¬â¢s possession. It is fair to assume that if the playââ¬â¢s narrative would have continued, Willie would never have gotten the gun from Winnie. Therefore, though Winnie is considered stereotypical with the use of her purse to carry trinkets and her attachment to her purse, she also is the wielder of a surprisingly masculine object, and the male character is unable to have it for himself. Another notable point is that commonly arises in Beckett plays is the lack of mobility women usually have, which suggests that women have little room for advancement in this world. Scholar Mary Bryden points out that ââ¬Å"in these plays, stasis 30 has more in common with aspiration than with condemnation,â⬠meaning that those who are not moving have aspirations that are static, not that they themselves are condemned to some sort of hell (90). Nell in Endgame lives in a trash can. The women in Play (1963) are trapped in urns. While this lack of mobility can be seen in male characters as well (Nagg in Endgame, the male in Play), the effect is different. Other men are given mobility in Beckettââ¬â¢s works, when women are less likely to be given movement. Hamm is able to move, as is Krapp, Vladimir, Estragon, Lucky, Pozzo, and most notably Willie. Willie is given the option of mobility, whereas Winnie is not. Winnie is actually happy with her lack of movement, stating, ââ¬Å"What a curse, mobility! â⬠(Beckett 46). She is aware that at one time she used to be mobile, but blissfully unaware at how much easier her life was when she was mobile. She was able to hold a parasol above her head with ease instead of with pain and discomfort. She was not the object of spectacle when others passed by. She was independent in many ways because she was not bound to the earth. She even dreams of leaving her situation, and dreams that ââ¬Å"if I were not heldââ¬âin this wayââ¬âI would simply float up into the blue. And that perhaps someday the earth will yield and let me go, the pull is so great, yes, crack all round and let me outâ⬠(Beckett 33). Winnie recalls these things many times and acknowledges that mobility would be best for her. But she remains complacent about her situation and still finds happiness in her utterly dependent state with Willie, because her aspirations cause her to stay immobile. Her mobility is in direct relation to her ambitions. Since her dreams are not going anywhere, neither is Winnie. 31 In other ways Beckett does break standard gender stereotypes when portraying his women. In a patriarchal society the wife is supposed to be the servant to the husband. While Winnie is holding up her parasol and her arm tires, she asks his permission to put it down, stating, ââ¬Å"bid me to put this thing down, Willie, I will obey you instantly, as I have always done, honoured, and obeyedâ⬠(Beckett 36). It seems that Winnie is a woman who is completely dependent on her husband, and in many ways she is because of her situation in the mound. However, Willie is the one who serves Winnie. Willie is the one who brings her items when she demands them, answers to her voice when she calls out to him, and essentially does whatever she demands. Winnie, in effect, has not taken the role of the stereotypical married woman. She mentions that she serves her husband and is bound to do so. Therefore she does not leave because of her duty and her vow of marriage and her situation in the hill. Willie, in the same vein, is not trapped in the hill as Winnie is. He is able to leave the harsh environment whenever he would like and essentially let fate take Winnie. He doesnââ¬â¢t leave, however. He takes the abusive phrases from his wife and he stays with her until presumably the end of her days. In much the same way, sex in Beckett plays is just as forgotten and elusive to men as it is to women. Characters in Beckett plays remember that sex, at one time, existed. But now it is so far in the past that it is almost forgotten. Winnieââ¬â¢s only memories of sex seem to be poor, as she states ââ¬Å"sadness after intimate sexual intercourse one is familiar with of course. You would concur with Aristotle there, Willie, I fancyâ⬠(Beckett 57). Ironically, the Aristotle quotation actually refers to men, 32 stating ââ¬Å"the exhaustion consequent on the loss of even a very little of the semen is conspicuous because the body is deprived of the ultimate gain drawn from the nutriment â⬠¦ [so] as a general rule the result of intercourse is exhaustion and weakness rather than reliefâ⬠(Alexander). It is extremely interesting that Winnie, as a woman, references such a masculine viewpoint on sexuality. However, she does seem to agree with this overtly masculine philosophy. Through her condition in the hill, Winnieââ¬â¢s sexuality is gradually covered up. Cooker, or Shower, as Winnie is hard at remembering, has made numerous comments about her sexuality in regards to the mound. Cooker and/or Shower is a man and his wife, that occasionally pass Winnie and Willie, and make rude comments about the state that Winnie finds herself in. Beckett was well versed in German, and used these English names as a play on words. In German, the word ââ¬Å"schauenâ⬠means to look, and ââ¬Å"guckenâ⬠to watch: naming his onlookers Shower and Cooker was highly suggestive. The mysterious onlooker is curious as to whether her body is still good looking, stating, ââ¬Å"canââ¬â¢t have been a bad bosomâ⬠¦in its day. Seen worse shouldersâ⬠¦in my time. Does she feel her legs? . . . has she anything on underneath? â⬠(Beckett 58). She is infuriated by the comments, yelling, ââ¬Å"let go of me for Christ sake and drop! Drop dead! â⬠(Beckett 58). But her condition in the mound makes it impossible to defend herself. While man and woman are both foreign to sex, it is the woman who is trapped and made a fool of, and has no way to defend herself because of the condition the playwright has placed her in. Dolan makes a point to discuss this in her work, commenting on the role that sexuality plays in performance. She believes that ââ¬Å"if power adheres in sexuality, and cultural feminists 33 assume power leads to violence against women, it becomes politically and artistically necessary to attempt to disengage representation from desire,â⬠meaning that in feminist theater practices, women have to be presented as women, not the object of male sexual desire (Dolan 61). In Beckettââ¬â¢s production, Winnie is literally trapped and gaped at, proving Dolanââ¬â¢s point that in most of the modern canon, the representation of woman on stage is synonymous with desire. One of the scenes in Happy Days that concentrates most on sex is that in which Winnie discusses Mildred, commonly referenced as Milly, and the mouse. The story is quite frightening and underlines the idea that sex for women and for Winnie in particular has been terrifying and un-gratifying. In the second act, Winnie describes Mildred, a little girl who could have been Winnie as a young woman. She has been given a wax doll named Dolly. Milly sneaks out of her room to the nursery to undress Dolly, as she seemingly has been ââ¬Å"forbidden to do so,â⬠then suddenly out of nowhere a mouse appears and crawls up Millyââ¬â¢s leg (Beckett 55). She screams, and the entire household comes running to see what the matter is. It is at that moment that Winnie stops her story, and is too overcome to finish. It is clear from the language, that the story is one of Millyââ¬â¢s, or perhaps Winnieââ¬â¢s, first memories of sexuality and perhaps her own sexuality. Clearly the experience frightened her in regard to her sexual nature, because she abruptly stops her story by warning Willie that he ââ¬Å"may close [his] eyes, then [he] must close [his] eyes- and keep them closedâ⬠(Beckett 59). While Winnieââ¬â¢s sexuality has shifted and her sex drive has been affected by her entrapment in the 34 mound, it is clear that even from a young age she was not accepting of her sexuality, or able to properly deal with it because she felt violated. Throughout Beckettââ¬â¢s work, gender stereotypes are present. However, these stereotypes are accompanied by a number of gender deviations from the stereotypical norm. Therefore, when considering the work of Beckett, it is valid to assert that although Beckett conforms to gender stereotyping, he is not bound by them. Even though his work is informed by a world on the verge of the second-wave feminist movement, he is beginning to break gender stereotypes that are inherent in his earlier works of prose and even drama. Therefore, Happy Days is an appropriate and interesting play to look at from an absurdist feminist perspective. Happy Days in Performance: A Feminist Perspective (Process) When mounting a production there are a number of individuals involved, and they all have a certain role to play. Actors, directors, producers, and the production design team all work together to create a final performance. In the fall, I spent most of my time researching the production and writing the preliminary part of my thesis. In the production, I held two roles: that of producer and lead actress. As a producer, it was my responsibility to be in charge of the logistical elements of the production. I was responsible for coordinating the space rental, finding rehearsal spaces, making the program and fliers, and essentially all of the production aspects of the performance. Some of my duties I gave to my director and stage manager to handle, which in a typical performance would not happen; however, since I was also taking on the role as the lead actress, I had to divide my time. In that role I was expected to memorize all of 35 my lines, have character ideas, personalize emotional responses and relationships, and have a set of actions to achieve my objectives. This role proved to be the most time consuming, as the Beckett script was repetitive and convoluted, making it difficult to memorize. Winnie is essentially the only character who speaks (meaning there are no other actors to rely on for help with lines and following the through line of the script, or the journey of the character throughout the play), and the nature of absurdist work makes it difficult to discover objectives and relationships. One of my first duties as producer was to assemble a production team. First, I chose a performance faculty advisor. I asked Professor Shelley Delaney because of her work with one-woman performances and her knowledge of the craft of acting. After making this choice, I was informed that Professor Delaney would not be able to help direct me in the production. I knew that as an actor I would not be able to assess my progress without the help of a director. Therefore, I asked Arielle Giselle Rogers to direct me. She graduated from Ohio Universityââ¬â¢s School of Theater with a BFA in Acting in 2011, and she is very experienced in directing and performing in onewoman shows, especially feminist works (she is the founding member of F-Word, a feminist theater performance group on Ohio Universityââ¬â¢s campus). I also needed a stage manager; someone to handle the day to day operations of rehearsal. For that I choose Jacob St. Aubin, a junior BFA stage management major because he is an impeccable organizer and very talented. I then needed a set designer to help with the construction of the hill that Winnie is buried in. I chose Ryan Myers, a senior BFA production design and technology major who specializes in set design, based on his 36 previous design and portfolio work. For costumes I turned to Megan Knowles, a senior BFA production design and technology major who specializes in costumes, because I had worked with her before and she has a very impressive portfolio. For the sound design I asked Aaron Butler, a graduate student in the School of Music, because of his work in other School of Theater productions in which he utilized minimalist soundscapes and experimental music. For the lighting design I asked Keri Donovan, a BFA production design and technology major who specializes in lighting design to create the effect of the fire and generally light the show. Finally, I solicited help from one other faculty member, Laura Parrotti, who was my vocal coach throughout the process. Professor Parrotti has been a vocal coach on a number of professional productions, as well as the main voice coach for the School of Theater students. Her advice on how to handle the Beckett text from a vocal standpoint was instrumental to the process. Rehearsals for Happy Days began January 9, 2012. The cast consisted of me (Rachel Collins) as Winnie and Sean Oââ¬â¢Brien as Willie. Rehearsals were coordinated through a joint effort between Jacob and me, but he facilitated the rehearsal reports, space rental, and coordination of meetings with the production team. The first week of rehearsals consisted of table work, which was run by Arielle. Table work is generally the term used for the first week of rehearsal, in which the actors go through the script beat by beat and look at the academic and theoretical aspects behind the script that would inform the performance. Sean and I read through the script while Arielle gave notes. Then the three of us would discuss the scholarly background of the play, 7 characters, motivation, and my take on the thesis, etc. , with the group and began to come up with character ideas and how to shape the piece. The main aspect we discussed through these workings was the idea that Winnie is a woman who i How to cite Absurdism, Papers alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-45833976004594983922019-12-07T02:21:00.001-08:002019-12-07T02:21:04.688-08:00Communication in Sciences-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment Question: Discuss about the Coordination of Work Process. Answer: Introduction The coordination of work process in a group or organizational set up requires delegation and effective work fulfillment by the members of that particular organization. This report will therefore address the team performance on Mens Health Immunization and Food Tax Subsidies, surveys as commissioned by the head of the of Ministry of Healths Research Team. The report is the collective work of five group members, entrusted with the task of surveying and devising solutions on the topic. Our team was selected to perform the task because of the ability, skill, professional diversity and leadership, which was relevant for the process. The Role Coordination and Teamwork Work process that is carried out in a more connected environment when it comes on role delegations is usually successful in most cases. The delegation of roles is usually done based on the skills and capability of an individual to perform that particular task. But the most important aspect of the role coordination in a collective duty is teamwork and coordination of the players in the process. People differ in abilities, skills and professions and having people utilize what they can best perform in an environment of teamwork is the best way of handling a complex work process such as the report commissioned by the head of Ministry of Healths Research Team. Meredith Belbin invented nine team-role styles, which includes the Coordinator who is usually in charge of the team, the shaper, Plant, the Monitor or Evaluator, the Implementer, the Resource Investigator, the Team Worker and the Completer or Finisher. An ideal team should have at least a coordinator, a plant, a team worker and Implementer. This is in reference to Beblins suggestion that an optimum team for effective teamwork should consist of four individuals. But also a group of five people makes division of roles much easier and the process as evidenced in this report, for the best possible results. The Team and the Roles Our team was constituted based on what an individual could perform the best, based on their abilities. It was imperative as a team to have a specialized way of addressing the task based on roles to simplify the process and obtain the best results possible. Therefore, for the best functionality of our team, we decided to delegate duties to individual persons, whereby every person had their role to play towards a common course in a united group. Our team was made up of five group members with the following characteristics: Isabel Davisthe Coordinator and Team Leader Isabel played the role of the leader for the team to put together our efforts in the process to the expected standards. Her visionary characteristics and the ability to see the bigger picture and the ability to bring the best out of the team members made her the ideal team leader. Characteristics of a team leader or basically the coordinator involve providing inspiration and focus for the team members, and they are naturally confident and have the ability to clarify decisions that guide their members. Faith KettletonEditor The editor moderated all the contents of the report and findings. She was in charge of moderating the report and the contents, decided on what to be included within the report content as well as editing and removing what was not necessary. In team work scenario, the editors role resembles that of the shaper. The shapers are highly motivated, objective and who are often not concerned by the social aspects of their teams, rather they are only concerned with success of their team in the best possible way. The role of the editor was to ensure smooth flow of the process, collated the survey results and brought the discussion into perspective and also took charge of Mens Health Immunization and doubled up as a completer or a finisher. Priscilla ReddySecretary Ms Reddy was in charge of our teams secretarial position. She also took the role of writing about the Food tax Subsidies in conjunction with another team member Leon Cocker. The position reflected the role of plant in the Belbins team roles. The plant is that person who has the creative sense and an ability to bail out the team in tricky situations. As a secretary, she doubled up as the contributor on the Food Taxes Subsidies and her contribution is a clear indication of the creative presence. Most often, the plant personalities are always responsible for generation of new ideas, but the generation of new ideas was also a collective responsibility of the whole group. Leon CockerPlanner Leon was at the epicenter of our teams report structure formulation. He was the one who planned and came up the structure of our report; and also in association with Priscilla Reddy, he wrote the section on Food Taxes Subsidies. His expertise enabled us to develop an appropriate report structure for our survey. His case is a perfect resemblance of the monitor or evaluator in Belbins roles of the team. The evaluator or monitor is relatively similar to the plant individual. They are the critical thinkers within the team, have a sense of seriousness about the processes within the group and he provided a spark of enthusiasm within the team. Rosemarie NazarethTracker I was in charge of tracking the teams progress and ensured everything went as planned. Furthermore, I also took part in the report writing process. This role could be equated to that of the resource investigator, who is practically sensible and also a great communicator and they are further open to new ideas generated from the outside. This is a relevant element within the team unit who can inspire her colleagues to greater levels of inspiration. The Team Processes and Leadership Our group took part in compiling a report about the two topics, that is, Mens Health Immunization and the Food Taxes Subsidies. The report had to be compiled by the groups collective efforts and teamwork and coordination was crucial. Every team member was assigned his role according to their ability and the capability to perform that particular role. The process involved conducting of the surveys in the general public about immunization and subsidies on food taxes. All the members took part in the devising the survey and administering it. Team cooperation was fundamental and realizing the successful work progress required leadership within us to provide guidance in our activities. Leadership is understandably a great part of a successful team. The delegation of roles aimed at promoting each members participation and the creation of work environment where everyone had a chance to offer a solution depending on his/her position. Therefore, as the team members we had to look for inspiration and leadership from ourselves. We provided good leadership to each other to remind each other about our roles and goals. The great philosopher Aristotle once stated that he who has never learned to obey cannot be a good commander. This statement carries a heavier meaning in reference to the teamwork, cooperation and coordination. For instance, given that we had to challenge each other to have the desired results in our team, obedience and respect of each others commands was fundamental in the performance of our group. The self-perpetuated leadership in the team enabled the division and subdivision of roles that included the team leader, the secretary, the planner and the editor among other roles that enhanced the efficiency and the performance of our team in completing the task set. Strengths and Weaknesses Our team was based on the strengths exhibited by the versatility of the team members. For example, the work process and the task completion were characterized by the unconditional cooperation, and in some cases sharing of roles, as in the instance whereby, Priscilla Reddy and Leon Cocker both tackled the topic on immunization. The second strength within our team lied on the inspirational leadership provided by the members themselves and the cooperation. We drew inspiration from each other, challenged each other and inspired ourselves to achieve the best results. But the most important part was the respect exhibited in obeying each others call of duty. The other point of note that asserted the strengths of our team is the presence of different roles assumed by the members based on the Belbins roles. In our team, we had a coordinator, a plant, a monitor evaluator, a shaper among other roles. The most interesting characteristic of the team was that, we both assumed the role of the teamworker, the good listeners, and the diplomats responsible for running the team smoothly without unnecessary confrontations. However, as much as the team had commendable strengths to work together and operate as a team in the process of the report, there was also a little weakness which was really insignificant but necessary to mention. In a well coordinated team, the weaknesses may arise from the challenges that accompany the work processes. The main challenge was the time constraint and the tight schedules, which meant sometimes the team members, though not often; had to arrive a little late, but it was not important given every member had their special parts to address and complete. The working process was made easier with mutual understanding of each other, which sped up the work process. Conclusions and Recommendations Conclusively, the working environment that is optimum for the successful teamwork activities requires a sizeable number that is easy to manage. While Meredith Belbin argues that an optimum team should contain only four people, it also important to note a manageable number of more than four people could still constitute a successful team. However, it is beneficial that at least every member is assigned a defined role within the team that would incorporate responsibility and personal accountability team members. It also is a challenge for the members to ensure their close working relationships is constantly maintained. But the most important thing to have within a team; is the group of individuals with capability of assuming roles as outlined in Belbins nine-team roles. Therefore, based on the performance of my team during the survey and the report process, the following recommendations are important for the authority: The management should constantly be assigning individuals tasks in team of four people as it is the optimum number for the operation of the team, as stated in Belbin that any number beyond this is a group, as individuals would not work closely. It is also important to have a group or a team with a balanced composition of characteristics, the leaders, the team workers, the plant and the shaper among others for the balanced operation of the group or that particular team. Finally, the authority should understand the significance of the leadership in teamwork hence; cultivating the art of leadership should be top of their agenda in assigning roles to specific individuals within a group. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-78208804828514828912019-11-29T14:02:00.001-08:002019-11-29T14:02:03.967-08:00My Two Dads Essays - Same-sex Sexuality, Sexual Orientation, LGBT My Two Dads Table of Contents Topic Rationalpp. 2 Internet Resourcespp. 4 Abstractspp. Topic Rationale The reason I chose homosexuality as a topic is because it is queer to me. What I do not understand is what would drive people to this way of life. As far as I can tell, people had weird lives when they were younger. Maybe they were dropped on their heads as babies. Maybe they were abused as children, be it emotionally, sexually, mentally, verbally, physically, socially, politically, economically, chemically, and/or academically. Maybe these people joined the ?other team? later in life. They could have just come into it, perhaps simply putting a name to the idea. It's possible that they have had a peculiar attraction to the same sex, taken a step back and realizing what exactly is happening. Or they may have done so just to gay out of a rut or for a change. It may have been that they were rejected one too many times or that they saw one too many straight people who were jerks, and they said to themselves that they did not want to be one of them. There are many reasons, some petty or insignificant or ridiculous. Some reasons are extreme of obvious. What my long term goal, in a nut shell, is to understand them, their reasons, and I am guessing that this will make me a better person. The preconceptions that I have are that they, the gays, are wrong, and I, (the straight one), am right. I think that I base this on the fact that the majority of the populous are straight. I mean, the entire American population can't be wrong, can they? Another preconception that could be is that I am comfortable, simply because I had never given it much thought before. I am not going to go around and beat them senseless to say that homosexuality is unacceptable. The truth is, to me, that it is acceptable. This is where my motto come into play: ?If it feels good, do it (Within reason)!.? If they know what they are doing, then go ahead and do it. It is their perogative and their lives and let them do as they please. I also feel that gay people are the most polite people in the world too; I also hope to understand this as I research more. I do not really have much of a previous experience with any aspect of this topic. This is one of the main reasons why I chose this topic, to learn more about this. My only experience with this is from TV. There is a gay host with his own homemaking show and a gay character in MTV's ?The Real World? in San Francisco by the name of Pedro, a Cuban. I am also familiar with Ellen DeGeneres, a lesbian comedian/actress and Melissa Etheridge, the singer. If they are comfortable with it, then we should be too. Buckel, David ?Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund for Immediate Release? alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-87424096989744572122019-11-25T17:14:00.001-08:002019-11-25T17:14:06.472-08:00101 Syllabus and Intro to Course Professor Ramos Blog101 Syllabus and Intro to Course Syllabus Welcome to English 101, Freshmen Composition We will be using the blog to post comments and final drafts of essays in order to help us learn from each other. One of the best ways to improve your writing is to study the writing of others. This blog will allow us to share and see othersââ¬â¢ writings. I will also be posting updates and assignments to make sure we are all on the same page. The syllabus will be posted under 101 Syllabus. The resources page will have links and videos to help you with citations, WordPress, and more. Syllabus The syllabus for this course can be found on the navigation menu for this class website. Textbook The textbook for this class is ââ¬Å"They Say, I Sayâ⬠à with readings, 4th edition. Make sure to order the textbook that has the readings included! The cover should be bluish, not black. Also, we will be reading Sandra Cisnerosââ¬â¢Ã Woman Hollering Creek and other Stories.à Available on Amazon for $10 new, and 1 cent used. You will need this one by week 3. Writing Approach The way I like to approach the teaching of writing is throughà Genre. You may know genres from music and movies. Just like those, there are many different writing genres that we can use. We will be focusing on four genres for this course. We will learn more about each genre as we are working on them. Each genre asks you to do specific work. You will be graded on how well you write the genre, using the five criteria we agree on together. Literacy Narrative Literary Analysis Report Argument Ice Breaker Name Major Two interesting facts about you Find one other person who has something in common with you. Either first or last name, major or related major, one or more interests as you or related facts. Homework Buy your Textbooks Read Chapter 1 from They Say, I Say 101 Syllabus and Intro to Course Syllabus Welcome to English 101, Freshmen Composition We will be using the blog to post comments and final drafts of essays in order to help us learn from each other. One of the best ways to improve your writing is to study the writing of others. This blog will allow us to share and see othersââ¬â¢ writings. I will also be posting updates and assignments to make sure we are all on the same page. The syllabus will be posted under 101 Syllabus. The resources page will have links and videos to help you with citations, WordPress, and more. Syllabus The syllabus for this course can be found on the navigation menu for this class website. Textbook The textbook for this class is ââ¬Å"They Say, I Sayâ⬠à with readings, 4th edition. Make sure to order the textbook that has the readings included! The cover should be bluish, not black. Also, we will be reading Sandra Cisnerosââ¬â¢Ã Woman Hollering Creek and other Stories.à Available on Amazon for $10 new, and 1 cent used. You will need this one by week 3. Writing Approach The way I like to approach the teaching of writing is throughà Genre. You may know genres from music and movies. Just like those, there are many different writing genres that we can use. We will be focusing on four genres for this course. We will learn more about each genre as we are working on them. Each genre asks you to do specific work. You will be graded on how well you write the genre, using the five criteria we agree on together. Literacy Narrative Literary Analysis Report Argument Ice Breaker Name Major Two interesting facts about you Find one other person who has something in common with you. Either first or last name, major or related major, one or more interests as you or related facts. Annotate Your Texts How to Annotate To summarize how you will annotate text: 1. Identify the BIG IDEA 2. Underline topic sentences or main ideas 3. Connect ideas with arrows 4. Ask questions 5. Add personal notes 6. Define technical words ââ¬Å"Shitty First Draftsâ⬠The writing process is a very important concept that you need to learn. This will move you from writing ok papers to good papers. The first draft is the down draft. The second draft is the up draft. The third draft is the dental draft. Anne Lamott, ââ¬Å"Shitty First Draftsâ⬠Take a couple minutes and read the short article. Annotate the text. Homework Buy your Textbooks Read Chapter 1 from They Say, I Say alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-8917730293594826652019-11-22T00:38:00.001-08:002019-11-22T00:38:03.356-08:00Political Issues - The Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsPolitical Issues - The Congress - Essay Example The member of Congress holds forums with the constituents while at home. The member also likes to appear as if they are one of the constituents. He achieves this through putting on the local attire, talking in a casual manner, and answering the questions in a way that will leave the constituents attracted to him. Moreover, he uses this forum to listen to the grievances of the people on the ground and issues that they would like the member to address once he gets into Capitol Hill. Hill style is significant in fulfilling the election promises. It is the style of which a member represents his district. This can be achieved through voicing a support to projects that are of great significance to the constituents. In addition, a member can request more funds to support stalled projects in the district. Hill style focuses mainly on bringing money back home. In addition, it includes voicing the support of the home people, businesses, and sports team in order to attract investment and increa se the focus on the area. Through the hill style, the constituents are able to fell well represented, an aspect that leads to the reelection of the member. One of the major problems facing the Congress is the increasing number of unemployed people in the country. The economy is growing slowly and people are optimistic that is heading in the right direction. However, ballooning debt is likely to affect the policies that are meant to create more jobs for the young people who are being released from the institutions of higher learning. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-28540940190198561052019-11-20T18:45:00.001-08:002019-11-20T18:45:06.221-08:00Intrapreneurship and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsIntrapreneurship and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Still, entrepreneurship is limited in resources (including financial resources) and has fewer possibilities to compete on the global scale. The paper will discuss differences of concepts, their piratical application, the main driven forces and risk related factors. The study of new venture development and entrepreneurship as a process, and the study of the early stages of the business life cycle, belong as much or more to marketing than to any other business function. Indeed, some argue that the very term management may be somewhat in definitional conflict with the term entrepreneurship (Clark and Lee 2006). Further, the entrepreneurial spirit can be hypothesized that marketing is the organizational function most dominated by boundary agents; by open interactive systems; and by truly entrepreneurial activity. Market opportunity analysis, new product development, the diffusion of innovation, and marketing strategies to create growing firms are at the heart of both marketing and entrepreneurship. These also represent the most relevant, existing marketing literature bases. Entrepreneurship as defined by Burns (2001) focuses on opportunity and is therefore particularly relevant to the marketing interface; it is the process of creating value by com bining resources to exploit an opportunity. Although entrepreneurship requires innovation, not all innovation is entrepreneurial. There is an extensive body of knowledge on creativity in science and the arts that does not involve "the commercial or industrial application of something new--a new product, process, or method of production; a new form of commercial, business, or financial organization" (Burns 2002, p. 54). Pinchot and Pellman (2000) explain that "intrapreneurs are linked to the speed and cost-effectiveness of technology transfer from research and development to the marketplace" (p. 45). The researchers claim that Intrapreneurship is often associated with inventions that come up with new products and new processes. There is also considerable research on innovation and the management of research and development that deals with an end product of ideas or objects whose ability to deliver economic value has yet to be tested. In the entrepreneurship literature, innovation is coupled with its ability to create economic v alue. Whether done by an individual or a team, there is general agreement that entrepreneurship involves an act by a motivated individual who innovates by creating value through alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-59715239739991955752019-11-18T19:51:00.001-08:002019-11-18T19:51:02.560-08:00Role of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility AssignmentRole of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility - Assignment Example Ethics can be defined as the study of moral which is appropriate for taking decisions after judging the plan of action. The two concepts are linked with each other for most of the firms. It is observed that in todayââ¬â¢s competitive world, sustainable development is required in every organisation for its successful operation. It also leads to the enhancement of quality of products and services that they offer to their customers (Aybars and Kutlu, ââ¬Å"Managing corporate performanceâ⬠). Corporate responsibility can be regarded as the degree to which an organization complies with rules and legal guidelines which is made for the betterment of society (Nicolau, ââ¬Å"Corporate social responsibilityâ⬠). The contemporary business practices often identify noteworthy levels of understanding between the good and responsible corporate practices. In todayââ¬â¢s world, the stakeholders and shareholders, who have understood the importance of CSR, is focusing on incorporating b usiness activities within the societal norms, which leads to good management practices. CSR has been regarded as the technique which assists an organization in evaluating the business activities and its effect on the environment and society through transparent and ethical decision making. World Business Council for sustainable development has stated that CSR approach can be defined as method of attaining sustainable development by contributing to the society. The different CSR activities include health and safety, corporate governance and ethics, environmental stewardship, human rights and sustainable development. It, thus, focuses on the features like, societal and community involvement, corporate philanthropy, development and investment, customer satisfaction, employee volunteering, anti-corruption... The assignment highlights the theory of Corporate Social Responsibility and its impact on the community and modern society. The researcher also elaborates the importance of ethics in leading a business organisation in a proper manner today. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, that is described in the assignment helps in revenue generation for a particular organisation in an ethical way. It also contributes positively to the society and environment. The assignment presented by the researcher also depicts the role of Corporate Social Responsibility practices in contemporary organisational practices. It can be concluded though that business ethics and corporate social responsibility have immense importance in development of an organisation. Without following the two fundamental concepts that are mentioned in the assignment, an organisation will not be successful in the long run and can even face challenges. Corporate social responsibility has become the best part of sustaina ble development program. For long-term sustenance, the organisation has to take into account the shareholderââ¬â¢s interest, environment and society as a whole. Ethics elaborates the correct and incorrect behaviour of any human being, which can affect the operation of an organisation and also, lead to disturb the entire society. Therefore, the researcher concluds the discussion and states that ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility both are required for organisational effectiveness for corporations and to run a peaceful business. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-36182160235957072992019-11-16T08:23:00.001-08:002019-11-16T08:23:03.806-08:00The nurse practitionersThe nurse practitioners Introduction à à à à à à à Worldwide, a lot of people have no insurance coverage or uninsured (Chalfin Fein, 1994). As the government and politicians in different countries continues the debate over unique dynamic of health care, there are still shortage of physicians and other registered practitioners. Here comes the importance of a nurse practitioners especially in the fields of neonatal, pediatric, general medicine and obstetric. Nurse practitioners have proved their ability in providing care such as children, women, migrant workers, the homeless and the workplaces such as schools, work sites and health departments. à à à à à à à The nurse practitioner (NPS) is a registered nurse with advanced preparation, graduation from a nurse practitioner program, and successful completion of the licensing exam (Wikapedia 2009). They provide client outcomes that are as good as physicians outcomes Nurse practitioners (NPs) provide primary health care services to consumers. Nursing care services provided by NPs include assessing client health using a holistic framework, identifying medical and nursing diagnoses, planning and prescribing treatments managing health care regimens for individuals, families, and communities, promoting wellness, preventing illness and injury, and managing acute and chronic health conditions. NPs carved out a distinct difference in practice from the medical model by using a holistic approach to care based on nursing theory As recognition grew, mostly related to the reduced cost of primary care and positive health outcomes for clients (Wikipedia, Nurse practitioner, 2009 ). Nurse Practitioners Scope of Practice à à à à à à à Today, more than 95,000 NPs practice in a variety of settings. Frequently, the health care system defines NP practice according to clients served, including pediatric NP, family NP, adult NP, and geriatric NP. Before qualifying for direct third-party reimbursement, NPs must obtain certification. Several bodies offer certification examinations, including the American Nurses Credentialing Center, the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners and Nurses, the National Certification Board of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, and the National Certification Corporation. Most NPs are required to renew certification every 5 years. This process requires documented practice and evidence of continuing education. Within their relatively short existence, NPs have earned the respect of clients and other health team members. Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of NPs in primary care, health promotion, decreasing hospitalization rates, and client satisfaction (Bu reau of Labor Statistics, 2007). Nurse practitioners education and licensing à à à à à à à There are three basic educational paths to registered nursing to become nurse practitioners. They are a bachelors degree, an associate degree, and a diploma from an approved nursing program. Nurses most commonly enter the profession by completing one of these programmes. Nurse practitioners then should take licensing examination in order to obtain a nursing license. Further training or education can qualify nurse practitioners to work in specialty areas. (Hampson, Gillian D. 2006) The three major educational paths to registered nursing are a bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN), an associate degree in nursing, and a diploma. Associate degree in nursing educates nurses in the community college setting. Nurses usually take 2 years of coursework that focus on the technical aspects of professional nursing. Diploma programs provide nursing education in primarily the hospital setting. Diploma nursing students attend school for 3 years and take courses focused on professional nursing. Diploma nursing programs emphasize the scientific aspects of nursing practice; provide more hours of clinical instruction than other programs, and graduate nurses adept at following policies and procedures rather than relying on theory to meet clinical practice demands. A bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN) educate students in university settings. A bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN) may be traditional or accelerated in nature. In a bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN) student receives a well-rounded education over 4 years. Courses in nursing may be integrated with other fields of study. a bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN), nursing majors frequently take the same courses as other health profession majors. (Hood, L.J, Leddy, S.K, 2006) à à à à à à à After completing the education program, the nurse must be licensed by the state in which he or she plans to practice. The State Boards of Nursing regulate nurse practitioners and each state has its own licensing and certification criteria. In general, the criteria include completion of a nursing program and clinical experience. Because state board requirements differ, nurse practitioners may have to fulfill additional requirements, such as certification by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) or a specialty nursing organization. The license period varies by state; some require lasting two years re-licensing, others require occurring every three years. (womenshealthchannel, 2007) Characteristics of Nurse practitioners à à à à à à à Nurse practitioners have a standardized education for entry into the profession. Like many other professions nurse practitioner requires from members to have intelligence, deep personal commitment, mutually shared values, and specialized skill to make autonomous decisions to serve society. A nurse practitioner should have these have authority to control its work, should possess exclusively unique body of knowledge, extensive period of format training , specialized competence, control over work performance, service to society, self-regulation, credentialing systems to certify competence, legal reinforcement of professional standards, ethical practice, creation of a collegial subculture, Intrinsic reward and public acceptance in order to be classified as one. The nurse practitioner does use a specialized knowledge base, has autonomy and control over his work, requires specialized competence, regulates himself, possesses a collegial subculture, and has public acceptance.( Hampson, Gillian D. 2006) Intellectual Characteristics of Nurse practitioners à à à à à à à Nurses make decisions that affect clients lives, nurse practitioners must have the intellectual capability to master scientific concepts, understand the impact of self on others, use this information in clinical practice, and understand potential consequences for alternative actions. Nurse practitioners possess a body of knowledge on which professional practice is based, a specialized education to transmit this body of knowledge to others and the ability to use the knowledge in critical and creative thinking. (Hood, L.J Leddy S.K, 2006) The roles of nurse practitioners à à à à à à à Nurse practitioners use 31 different competencies as they engage in clinical practice. They are shorten into the following seven domains upon which nurse practitioners roles are based on ââ¬Å"The helping roleâ⬠which provides the foundation for the roles of caregiver (provider of direct client care, colleague, helpful team member and client advocate the person looking out for the clients best interest. (Hunt. R, 2001). ââ¬Å"The teaching-coaching functionâ⬠which provides the foundation for the roles of teacher (provider of education and information) and counselor (one who provides emotional support and encouragement). ââ¬Å"The diagnostic and patient monitoring functionâ⬠which provides the foundation for the caregiver, and critical thinker (someone who uses complex thought processes) roles. ââ¬Å"Effective management of rapidly changing situationsâ⬠which provides the foundation for the caregiver, change agent (person who initiat es and guides the change process) and coordinator (person who manages, leads and verifies that things get done) roles. ââ¬Å"Administration and monitoring of therapeutic interventions and regimensâ⬠will provide the foundation for the caregiver and change agent roles. ââ¬Å"Monitoring of and ensuring the quality of health care practicesâ⬠provides the foundation for the roles of coordinators, client advocates, and change agents. And lastly, ââ¬Å"Organizational and work role competenciesâ⬠provides the foundation for the client advocate, change agent, and coordinator roles.( Michaelene, P; Jansen, M; Zwygart, M. 2006) The role of nurse Practitioners development from social political perspective à à à à à à à Nurse practitioners have a history of political activism. Nurse practitioners participate in public policy formation in a variety of ways. During the womens suffrage movement of the early 1900s, the American Nurses Association joined forces with other womens groups to work successfully in attaining the right for women to vote. Once they are successful in affecting public policy by providing input, some nurse practitioners progress to higher levels of political activism. Feldman and Lewenson (2000) identify how being involved in politics and the political process fits with the goals of professional nursing to benefit society. The public perceives nurses as being trustworthy and credible. Nurse practitioners advocate for large groups of clients when they use their specialized knowledge of wellness, health, illness, and delivery of health services to influence policy makers to create new and fund public health programs. Nurse practitioners also have well-refi ned communication and assessment skills that enhance the ability to determine what types of health programs are needed. Because of the ability to understand nursing and health-related research, nurses can present strong cases based on solid evidence to document needs for new programs and to continue present ones. 9Ameican College of Physicians, 2008) à à à à à à à Politically active Nurse practitioners frequently use nursing process to guide their thinking for public policy development and evaluation. Because laws govern professional nursing practice, Nurse practitioners have a stake in public policy legislation and enforcement. Legislators pass laws and provide funding for health care programs, access, professional education, and research. Nurse practitioners might react to proposed legislation by writing their elected officials to influence their action during the legislative process. Some Nurse practitioners engage in proactive political action by proposing legislation, persuading an elected official in the legislature to introduce a bill, devising public relations campaigns around their proposal, lobbying to get the bill passed by both houses of Congress, and influencing the head of the executive branch to sign it. Nurse practitioners participate in national, state, and local legislative efforts. A national or s tatewide effort to pass legislation requires the participation of many for success. However, once legislation becomes law, some nurses continue to work with state or federal agencies responsible for devising the regulations to implement the law. (American College of Physicians, 2008) à à à à à à à In 1996, Cohen, Mason, Kovner, Leavitt, Pulcini, and Sochaiski outlined four stages of political activism in nursing that still apply today. The first stage is buying in- which nurse practitioners become aware of the importance of political activism to attain professional goals, and they use the political system to have input into public policy development. Secondly, regarding Self-interest-wherein Nurse practitioners continue to use the political system to the sole advance of intra professional agendas. Thirdly is about Political sophistication where Nurse practitioners engage in complex political activity, such as building coalitions and running for political office. And lastly is leading the way-where Nurse practitioners serve as influential persons by holding key govern-mental positions and in the process select the course for public policy changes. (Hood, L.J Leddy, S.K. 2006) Pediatric nurse practitioner knowledge, abilities, characteristics and responsibilities à à à à à à à Pediatric nurse practitioners deliver care to newborns, infants, toddlers, pre-scholars, school-aged children, adolescents, and young adults. The pediatric nurse practitioner is a specialist in the care of children from birth through young adult with an in-depth knowledge and experience in pediatric primary health care including well childcare prevention and management of common pediatric illnesses. This care supports health of children within their family, community, and environment. (Crabtree, M. Katherine; Stanley, Joan; Werner, Kathryn E.; Schmid, Emily, 2002) Upon graduation or entry into practice, the pediatric nurse practitioner should demonstrate good abilities in the following: Health promotion, health protection, disease prevention, and treatment à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner is a provider of direct health care services. The pediatric nurse practitioner synthesizes scientific and contemporary clinical knowledge for the assessment and management of both health and illness states as following: Assessment of health status à à à à à à à These qualifications describe the role of the pediatric nurse practitioner in assessing all aspects of the patients health status, including for purposes of health promotion, health protection, and disease prevention. The pediatric nurse practitioner should obtain and document a relevant health history for children. The pediatric nurse practitioner should perform age-appropriate screening for developmental and behavioral concerns, such as speech development, learning disabilities, and behavioral and mental health concerns. The pediatric nurse practitioner assesses the childs developmental status based on developmental theories recognizing the individual differences in temperament, reactions to selected developmental tasks and situational crises, and coping styles and strategies. The pediatric nurse practitioner should identify and analyze factors that affect the childs growth and development. The pediatric nurse practitioner assess for evidence of child ab use and neglect and the effects of violence on the child. The pediatric nurse practitioner analyzes the family system to identify factors that influence the health of the child and adolescent. The pediatric nurse practitioner should assess patients and familys knowledge and behavior regarding leading health indicators. Diagnosis of health status à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should differentiate between normal and abnormal development in relation to physiological, cognitive, and social behavior of the child. The pediatric nurse practitioner should identify, natural history, developmental considerations, pathogenesis, and clinical events of common disease processes in children. The pediatric nurse practitioner should order and interpret age and situation appropriate screening, labs, and other diagnostic tests. The pediatric nurse practitioner should cooperate in the diagnosis of children with special health needs and disabilities. Plan of care and implementation of treatment à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should have abilities to promote healthy nutritional practices, including promotion and management of breastfeeding, national nutritional programs, and nutritional intake considering food preferences and avoidance of food sensitivities. The pediatric nurse practitioner should provide interventions to modify behavior associated with health risks. The pediatric nurse practitioner should refer children with developmental disabilities. The pediatric nurse practitioner should link health objectives into individual educational plans. The pediatric nurse practitioner should assist the child in coping with developmental behaviors. The pediatric nurse practitioner should evaluate health maintenance and health promotion services for the child and family by including teaching, counseling, and advising. The pediatric nurse practitioner should help in planning for transition to adult health care. (Margaret G. Marks, 1998) Nurse practitioner-patient relationship à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should adapt the nurse practitioner-patient relationship to the changing nature of the childs cognitive and Psycho-social developments. The pediatric nurse practitioner should communicate effectively with children and family members. Teaching-coaching function à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should provide expectant guidance that is age or developmentally appropriate. The pediatric nurse practitioner should advise regarding and support effective parenting. The pediatric nurse practitioner should help the child in taking responsibility for self-care and healthy behavior in agreement with age and developmental cure. Professional role à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should serve as an advocate for the child and the family, especially in giving services to provide for the health, safety, and protection of the child. The pediatric nurse practitioner should know the importance of sharing in professional and community organizations that affect on the health of children. The pediatric nurse practitioner should understand his or her role in primary and specialty health care to other health care providers. The pediatric nurse practitioner should serve as a source in the shape and development of pediatric community health services. (Hennery H., Bernstein, 2005) Managing and negotiating health care delivery systems à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should have information regarding state and federal programs for child and family health care. Monitoring and ensuring the quality of health care practice à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should monitor public matters that affect on presenting health services for children and their families. Cultural competence à à à à à à à The pediatric nurse practitioner should recognize the influence of cultural differences on child health practices, and parenting. Conclusion à à à à à à à The future of health care providence needed various teams of health care workers that collaborate to provide patient-centered care. To perform well in multidisciplinary teams in an understanding of the distinctive roles, skills and values of all team workers. Nurse practitioners should be well qualified and skillful to get along with these teams. In future, nurse practitioners need a broad based education, assertiveness skills, technical competence and the ability to deal with rapid change. However, research and technology may provide the instrument nurses require for defining professional nursing, demonstrating that professional nursing care affects client care outcomes, and marketing professional nursing to the public. Nurse practitioners will be in need for extra skills and abilities to develop healthcare. alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28519680883741167.post-87161511866831709662019-11-13T20:53:00.001-08:002019-11-13T20:53:02.561-08:00Airport Planning and Organization Essay -- LogisticsSingle File? According to the Federal Aviation Administration (2007), ââ¬Å"The master planning process will vary with the size, complexity, and role of the study airport and may include a variety of supporting studies. However, all master planning studies will fall within one of two basic types: Airport Master Plans or Airport Layout Plan (ALP) Updatesâ⬠(Federal Aviation Administration, 2007, p.1). This description of the master planning process is further explained by the FAA in saying, ââ¬Å"Airport planning is a systematic process used to establish guidelines for the efficient development of airports that is consistent with local, state and national goals. A key objective of airport planning is to assure the effective use of airport resources in order to satisfy aviation demand in a financially feasible manner. Airport planning may be as broad based as the national system plan or more centrally focused as an airport master plan for a specific airportâ⬠(Federal Aviation Administ ration, 2010, p. 500-1). This explanation of how airport planning is organized may allow the reader to become more familiar with how decisions are made in regards to airport planning and organization. The basis of any airport plan or layout is set up for one primary function; to move people out as fast if not faster than they have moved in. There are a variety of ways that have been tested, failed, retested, improved, and finally established or dissolved in order to help promote this concept of moving people as easily and sufficiently as possible. Two examples that have two very different approaches to the methods of passenger flow within the airports would be to look at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) and Washington Dulles International Airp... ...nal Airport | the Official Website of ATL Airport. Retrieved January 22, 2012, from http://www.atlanta-airport.com/Airport/ATL/ATL_FactSheet.aspx Federal Aviation Administration. (2007, May 1). Advisory circular. FAA.gov. Retrieved January 22, 2012, from http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5070-6B/150_5070_6b_chg1.pdf Federal Aviation Administration. (2010, October 1). Airport Planning. FAA.gov. Retrieved January 22, 2012, from http://www.faa.gov/airports/central/aip/sponsor_guide/media/0500.pdf Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. (2012). Air Traffic Statistics. Dulles International Airport. Retrieved January 22, 2012, from http://www.mwaa.com/dulles/653.htm Wayne County Airport Authority. (2004). Aviation Statistics. MetroAirport.com. Retrieved January 22, 2012, from http://www.metroairport.com/about/AviationStatistics.asp alexandrafreemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02352667108504597163noreply@blogger.com0